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30 May 2003, Volume 17 Issue ZK Previous Issue    Next Issue
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综述与专论
研究报告


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综述与专论

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Varietal Resistance to Insect Pests in Rice and Its Application in China: History and Prospects LIU Guang-jie ,SHEN Jun-hui ,SOGAWA Kazushige 2003, 17(ZK): 1-6 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (569KB) ( )   The history of research on varietal resistance to insect pests of rice in China in recent 30 years was briefly reviewed with an emphasis on rice planthopper resistance study, and it could be classified as four developmental periods, i.e. exploitation and evaluation of rice germplasms to insect pests, introduction and utilization of resistant rice varieties, mechanisms in resistant rice varieties and ecological effects, and molecular biology and biotechnology in varietal resistance. The problems and obstacles remained in the research and utilization of resistant rice varieties to insect pests and the prospects of varietal resistance to insect pests in rice were discussed.

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Management of the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera in China: A Mini-review SHEN Jun-hui ,SHANG Jin-mei ,LIU Guang-jie 2003, 17(ZK): 7-22 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (1489KB) ( )   The progress of the research on the whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera and its management based on 214 papers published in China since 1949 was summarized. The contents included biology, migration, occurrence characteristics, and population dynamics of the whitebacked planthopper; yield losses, and varietal resistance of rice; and integrated management of the pest.

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A Review on the Hyper-Susceptibility of Chinese Hybrid Rice to Insect Pests SOGAWA Kazushige ,LIU Guang-jie ,SHEN Jun-hui 2003, 17(ZK): 23-30 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (734KB) ( )   Highly susceptible Chinese hybrid rice gave significant impact on the insect pest ecology. The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, and the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera, have raised as the most prominent outbreak-prone pests of Chinese hybrid rice. Although WBPH was only a secondary insect pest of rice in China before 1970s, it increased greatly in the hybrid rice areas in 1980s. WBPH also became an economic insect pest of japonica rice in Central China due to its massive displacement from hybrid rice area in South China. BPH was temporally suppressed by the hybrid rice with the Bph 1 gene for BPH-resistance. However, the BPH adapted to them by shifting biotype, when the resistant hybrid rice spread over the insect migration zone in South- and Central China. After 1990, previously BPH-resistant hybrid rice became highly susceptible to BPH. Lack of major genes for resistance does not account enough for the hyper- susceptibility of Chinese hybrid rice to the planthoppers. Heterotic vigorous growth of hybrid rice might be partially responsible for the enhanced fecundity of the planthoppers. Hyper-susceptibility of Chinese hybrid rice to the rice planthoppers is primarily inherited from the WA-CMS lines. Thus, CMS lines are needed to improve insect pest resistance in hybrid rice. Utilization of durable and multi-resistant IR varieties like IR64 as restorer lines might be an alternative approach to improve hyper-susceptibility of Chinese hybrid rice to insect pests.The striped stemborer, Chilo suppressalis and the yellow stemborer, Scirpophage incertulas also increased on Chinese hybrid rice, which is more favorable as their food plants and more tolerant to their infestations than inbred rice. Yield loss assessments, with special reference to the plant compensation to the stemborer infestation, and ecological interactions between stemborers and hybrid rice are needed to evaluate actual impact of and practical field resistance to stemborers in hybrid rice.

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Electronic Monitoring of Feeding and Oviposition Behavior of Rice Planthoppers and Its Application in Plant Resistance Study HATTORI Makoto 2003, 17(ZK): 31-36 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (368KB) ( )   Feeding behaviors of Nilaparvata lugens on a non-host plant, the barnyard grass Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzicola, and resistant rice Babawee (bph4) were compared by using AC-eletronic monitoring system (EMS). Waveform data obtained by EMS showed that N. lugens usually stopped feeding activities before stylets reach the phloem in barnyard grass which revealed to contain an antifeedant in the non-phloem, whereas feeding was interrupted after stylets reached the phloem in resistant rice. Thus, EMS analysis clearly distinguished two types of resistant plants with different resistant factors against planthopper feeding. EMS analysis of Sogatella furcifera oviposition behavior on the lower part of the leaf sheath of fully-grown rice demonstrated that in most cases the ovipositor was inserted into the plant but pulled out without depositing any eggs. It suggested that oviposition behavior itself was normally induced on the fully-grown rice, but the entire process was not completed due to some deterring factors. Thus, this system is also effective in identifying a disrupted step in the behavioral sequence on a plant resistant to oviposition.

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Applications of DNA-Markers to Analyze Rice Planthopper Resistance Genes SOGAWA Kazushige ,ZENG Juan ,QIAN Zhong-hai 2003, 17(ZK): 37-46 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (788KB) ( )   Recent achievements in molecular tagging and mapping of genetic loci for rice planthopper resistance in rice were briefly reviewed. Four rice genes for the brown planthopper (BPH) resistance, Bph 1, bph 2, bph 4 and Bph 9, and four putative BPH-resistance genes, Bph 10(t), bph 11(t), bph 12(t) and Bph 13(t), introgressed from wild rice species with different genomes have so far been mapped onto 5 of 12 rice chromosomes. Of them, Bph 1, bph 2, Bph 9 and Bph 10(t), have been found forming a linkage block on the long arm of rice chromosome 12, in the vicinity of about 25 cM from the bph 2 locus. Several QTLs affecting field resistance and ovicidal activities have also been detected. The whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) resistance genes, Wbph 1, Wbph 2 and Wbph 6(t) have been tagged or tentatively mapped. QTLs for ovicidal resistance to WBPH in japonica rice have been analyzed in detail. The effective QTL has been detected on the short arm of chromosome 6, and a dominant ovicidal gene Ovc has been identified at the locus. One QTL on chromosome 1 and two QTLs on chromosome 5 increased WBPH egg mortality in the presence of ovicidal gene Ovc. QTL mapping with DNA-markers will increase our understandings of complicated physiological and genetic mechanisms in varietal resistance in crop plants. Marker- assisted selection will facilitate to develop insect resistant crops with polygenic basis, and to introduce valuable insect resistance traits from wild relatives into improved crop varieties in order to increase durability and genetic diversity of insect resistance in the crops.

研究报告

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Whitebacked Planthopper Resistance in Chinese Rice Varieties SOGAWA Kazushige ,ZHANG Hong ,YANG Xiao-jun ,LIU Guang-jie 2003, 17(ZK): 47-52 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (423KB) ( )   Ovicidal- and sucking-inhibitory resistance to the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) in 13 japonica, 11 indica, 13 hybrid rice from China, and 11 tropical japonica from other countries were evaluated. Ovicidal varieties were found only in japonica rice, four of 13 japonica varieties showed significant ovicidal response. No ovicidal varieties were involved in indica, hybrid and tropical japonica varieties tested. In addition, 42 japonica and 43 indica varieties from different provinces in China were re-evaluated for WBPH resistance. Ten japonica varieties (about 24%) had ovicidal resistance, causing 53%-100% egg mortality. In more than 95% of indica varieties, WBPH egg mortality was below 30%. Only four japonica varieties from Zhejiang Province significantly suppressed honeydew excretion by WBPH. Among 21 japonica landraces in Zhejiang Province, ovicidal and sucking response of WBPH showed independent and continuous variations. Sanqianhuang, Changhongdao and Aigandao had ovicidal resistance. Jijiaohuang and Maqueqing inhibited WBPH sucking. This finding indicated that WBPH resistance genes were retained in sympatric japonica landraces in China.

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Resistance of the Wide-Compatible Rice Varieties to the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera LIU Guang-jie ,SOGAWA Kazushige ,TAN Hong ,ZENG Yuan ,XIAO Shu-fang ,SHEN Jun-hui 2003, 17(ZK): 53-55 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (280KB) ( )   The resistance to S. furcifera in 18 wide-compatible rice varieties was evaluated by using the methods of bulk seedling (2-3 leaf stage) screening test, honeydew measurement (tillering stage) and observation of the planthopper s oviposition. Results indicated that five varieties of Aus371, 02428, Labelle, Copslo and Yu92Qiu14 were highly susceptible to S. furcifera without antifeeding and ovicidal effects.

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Resistance to the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera in Chinese Japonica Rice Chunjiang 06 SOGAWA Kazushige ,LIU Guang-jie ,TENG Kai ,LIN Hui-fang ,SHEN Li-li 2003, 17(ZK): 56-66 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (842KB) ( )   The resistance of Chinese japonica rice Chunjiang 06 (CJ-06) to the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera, was studied in compared with the susceptible hybrid rice Shanyou 63 (SY-63). Results showed that CJ-06 was highly resistant to WBPH. WBPH immigrants rejected to land and failed to establish colonies on CJ-06, while they preferred to settle and well reproduced on SY-63. Under a free-choice experimental condition, significantly fewer WBPHs alighted on CJ-06 than on SY-63. A WBPH female excreted only 4.8 mg honeydew per day on CJ-06, while 17.4 mg on SY-63, indicating a significantly suppressed sucking activity of WBPH on CJ-06. Both fecundity and egg hatchability were markedly reduced on CJ-06, when newly emerged WBPH females continuously fed and were allowed to oviposit in it. Average number of eggs laid in CJ-06 and SY-63 was 42.4 and 133.6, and percentage of egg hatchability was 20.1% and 64.5%, respectively. Consequently, the number of nymphs hatched on CJ-06 amounted to only about one-tenth of that on SY-63. WBPH eggs showed a high mortality in watery lesions at oviposition sites of CJ-06. The watery lesions rapidly led to the formation of conspicuous necrotic symptoms before the eggs hatched. The egg mortality occurred within 1-2 days after oviposition. Such watery lesions seldom occurred on SY-63, where the eggs hatched normally. Based on the above findings, it was concluded that sucking inhibition and ovicidal reaction were critical factors for WBPH resistance in CJ-06. These functions were associated with the antixenosis mechanism against WBPH immigrants, as well as the antibiosis mechanism whereby fecundity and egg hatchability of inhabitants were reduced, respectively. Such dual mechanisms of varietal resistance could result in the stable and durable field resistance to WBPH in the Chinese japonica rice CJ-06.

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Genealogical Analysis of Resistance to the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera in Chinese Japonica Rice Chunjiang 06 SOGAWA Kazushige ,LI Yue-hong ,ZHANG Jin ,LIU Guang-jie ,YAO Hai-gen 2003, 17(ZK): 67-72 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (379KB) ( )   Genealogical analysis was conducted to study the resistance to the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera, in a Chinese japonica rice variety Chunjiang 06 (CJ-06). Results indicated that both the sucking inhibitory- and ovicidal resistance to WBPH were inherited from Xiushui 620 (XS-620). Among the parental lines of XS-620, only Xiushui 04 (XS-04) had a strong sucking inhibitory resistance, but no ovicidal resistance. Significant ovicidal response was detected in Xianghu 24. Of the 3 parental lines of XS-04, Dan 209 (D-209) and Funong 709 (FN-709) had sucking inhibitory resistance, whereas Ce 21(C-21) did not. Nonghu 6 (NH-6), a common parent of D-209 and FN-709, also inhibited sucking. However, the parents of NH-6, Nongken 58 (Japanese japonica) and Laohudao (LHD, Chinese japonica landrace), had no sucking inhibitory resistance, and were susceptible to WBPH under the field conditions. NH-6, D-209, FN-709 and XS-04 expressed definite resistance to WBPH in the fields. Two indica varieties IR26 and IR28, which were used to breed CJ-06, were highly susceptible to WBPH, and had neither sucking inhibitory- nor ovicidal resistance.

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Inheritance of Whitebacked Planthopper Resistance in Chinese Japonica Rice Chunjiang 06 SOGAWA Kazushige ,LIU Guang-jie ,ZHU Chun-gang 2003, 17(ZK): 73-76 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (254KB) ( )   Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) resistance in Chinese japonica rice Chunjiang 06 (CJ-06) was expressed by sucking inhibitory and ovicidal traits. Modes of inheritance of both these traits were analyzed by using F1 and F2 progenies from reciprocal crosses between CJ-06 and a susceptible indica variety TN1. All the F1 progeny were resistant, having both the sucking inhibitory and ovicidal traits. The two resistant traits of F 2 progeny segregated independently at the ratio of 3 (resistant) ∶ 1 (susceptible). Four phenotypes with differential combinations of sucking inhibitory and ovicidal traits segregated into the ratio of 9 ∶ 3 ∶ 3 ∶ 1, indicated that respective single dominant genes independently governed both the sucking inhibitory and ovicidal traits in CJ-06. The sucking inhibitory trait in CJ-06 could easily be introduced into Japanese japonica rice, Nihonbare, Hokuriku-153 and Koshihikari by conventional crossing.

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Detection of QTLs Affecting Whitebacked Planthopper Resistance in an Indica/Japonica Doubled Haploid Rice Population SOGAWA Kazushige ,TENG Sheng ,QIAN Qian ,ZENG Da-li ,ZENG Juan ,QIAN Zhong-hai ,ZHU Li-huang 2003, 17(ZK): 77-83 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (538KB) ( )   Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) resistance and susceptibility in an indica/japonica doubled halpoid (DH) rice population were analyzed. Although the parents of DH lines, Zhaiyeqing 8 (ZYQ-8, indica) and Jingxi 17 (JX-17, japonica), had no sucking inhibitory resistance, WBPH sucking was strongly suppressed in six DH lines for possible transgressive segregation. A minor QTL affecting honeydew excretion was detected at a japonica segment of chromosome 3. Japonica parent JX-17 had ovicidal resistance to WBPH. Ovicidal trait in DH lines was phenotyped by necrotic symptoms on the leaf sheaths due to ovicidal response. Four ovicidal QTLs were located on japonica segments of chromosomes 1, 2, 6, and 8 in DH lines at early- and mid- tillering stages. One more QTL appearing at mid- tillering stage was located on an indica segment of chromosome 9. The ovicidal loci reduced to two at the maximum tillering to booting stage. Analysis based on the maximum score of ovicidal symptom for each DH line throughout the experimental period revealed four QTLs on chromosomes 2, 6 and 9. Two major QTLs were located closely on japonica segments of chromosome 6. Three QTLs affecting the density of the second-generation WBPH nymphs were detected on chromosomes 1, 3 and 5. A main-effect QTL on chromosome 3 was derived from the japonica parent. A minor QTL on chromosome 5 came from the indica parent. Two QTLs for WBPH damages were located on indica segments of chromosomes 8 and 10, and the other QTL on a japonica segment of chromosome 3. These QTLs were considered to be associated with the expression of field resistance of rice varieties to WBPH.

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Monitoring the Changes in Virulence of Different Populations of the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Rearing on Resistant Rice Varieties SHEN Jun-hui ,WANG Yan ,SOGAWA Kazushige ,HATTORI Makoto ,LIU Guang-jie 2003, 17(ZK): 84-88 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (514KB) ( )   ARC colony and ND colony were obtained by maintaining the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera Horv’ath, exclusively on ARC10239 (ARC, carrying resistance gene Wbph2) and N’Diang (ND, carrying resistance gene Wbph5) for 15 generations. Taichung Native 1 (TN1) and Rathu Heenati (RHT) were used as susceptible and resistant check respectively. The results of electronic monitoring showed that duration of salivation and X-waveform of the two colonies on their corresponding hosts was short while the duration of phloem ingestion was long. The results of virulence test indicated that: the amount of honeydew excreted by ARC and ND colony did not differ on their corresponding host varieties from TN1 and was much higher than that on RHT. The total number of eggs laid on their host varieties and TN1 were significantly higher than that on RHT. No distinct change was observed for these two colonies in the percentage of developed eggs. The nymph survival rate of ND colony on its selection host was 45.0%, significantly different from that on TN1(71.4%) and RHT(21 0%), while that of ARC colony was 68.3%, not significantly different from that on TN1(77.5%), but much higher than that on RHT(22.6%). The nymph developmental duration of these two colonies on the corresponding hosts was not different from that on TN1, but significantly shorter than that on RHT. In brief, these two colonies had almost adapted to their corresponding host varieties based on feeding and oviposition, but the nymph survival rate of ND colony was still low.

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Resistance in Two Hybrid Rice Combinations and Their Parents to the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera LIU Guang-jie ,SOGAWA Kazushige ,PU Zheng-guo ,YANG Ying-song ,QIAO Qing-chun ,SHEN Jun-hui ,XIE Xue-mei ,CHEN Shi-gao ,SHI Dun-gui 2003, 17(ZK): 89-94 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (486KB) ( )   The resistance of hybrid rice combinations and their parents to the whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera was evaluated by field investigation of S. furcifera populations and rice yield losses, honeydew measurement, oviposition and egg development in Fuyang, Zhejiang and Xiushan, Chongqing. Field experiments revealed that number of nymphs on the CMS lines Xieqingzao A and Zhenshan 97A were 371.1 and 292.5 insects per plant, respectively, indicating the super-susceptibility to S. furcifera rather higher than the susceptible check TN1. Number of nymphs on the hybrids Shanyou 63 and Xieyou 9308 was similar with that on TN1. The super-susceptibility in the hybrids originated from the susceptibility of its parent of the CMS lines. Under no insecticide management, percentages of 1000-grain loss and yield loss in the susceptible hybrids could reach up to approximately 22% and 78%, respectively. At the same time, the CMS lines would die completely. These findings revealed that the more S. furcifera occurred, the lighter 1000-grain weight and the higher percentage of yield losses appeared in rice. Honeydew measurement demonstrated that the restorer lines Minghui 63 and 9308 possessed certain tolerance to S. furcifera. There were no significant difference on number of eggs-laying and percentage of egg developed between hybrids and their parents. Improvement of hybrids with insect resistance was also discussed.

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Causal Analysis on the Whitebacked Planthopper Prevalence in Chinese Hybrid Rice Shanyou 63 SOGAWA Kazushige ,LIU Guang-jie ,ZHUO Jun ,HAN Xiang ,YOU Cheng-bing 2003, 17(ZK): 95-102 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (574KB) ( )   Population build-up of the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera, was comparatively observed on a Chinese hybrid rice Shanyou 63 (SY-63) and inbred rice Chunjiang 11 (CJ-11) under the field conditions. WBPH immigrated and laid eggs evenly to the hybrid rice SY-63 and CJ-11. WBPH established significantly higher density of population on SY-63 than did on CJ-11,because of different egg mortality between the varieties. Population build-up by WBPH was compared between SY-63 and its parental lines. WBPH population was suppressed in the restorer line Minghui 63 (MH-63), while exceedingly promoted in Zhenshan 97A (ZS-97A) and Zhenshan 97B (ZS-97B), the CMS and its maintainer lines, respectively. Biomasses of SY-63 and ZS-97A were equally efficiently converted to WBPH biomass. However, SY-63 allowed WBPH to reproduce more progenies without suffering destructive damages, because of its greater biomass productivity compared to ZS-97A. WBPH females excreted larger amounts of honeydew, indicating higher rate of sucking on ZS-97A and ZS-97B, and relatively less honeydew on MH-63 than on SY-63. WBPH sucking on ZS-97A could be stimulated by significantly higher concentration of free amino acids in the phloem sap. On the contrary, MH-63 might suppress WBPH sucking due to its poor amino acid components in the phloem sap. As a conclusion, prevalence of WBPH in SY-63 was caused by extreme susceptibility inherited from ZS-97A, and great tolerance to WBPH infestation due to heterosis in SY-63. The extreme susceptibility was not associated with the CMS trait in ZS-97A.

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Preliminary Study on Suppression of the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera by Cultivating the Mixture of the Resistant and Susceptible Rice Varieties LIU Guang-jie ,CHEN Shi-gao ,WANG Jing-yu ,SHEN Jun-hui ,SOGAWA Kazushige ,XIE Xue-mei ,QIAO Qing-chun ,PU Zheng-guo ,SHI Dun-gui ,LIU Xiang-gui 2003, 17(ZK): 103-107 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (374KB) ( )   Zhekang, a near isogenic line with the resistant gene from the rice variety Rathu Heenati in pair with the variety Zhefu 802, and Zhehun, the mixture of Zhekang (resistant) and Zhefu 802 (susceptible) to Sogatella furcifera by mixing rice seeds in the ratio of 2 (Zhekang)∶1 (Zhefu 802), were used in the experiments. The effectiveness in suppression of Sogatella furcifera by planting of the mixture of the near isogenic lines with resistance and susceptibility was studied through field investigation of population dynamics of S. furcifera and measurement of honeydew excretion, number of eggs and percentage of egg developed, rice yields and 1000-grain weights. The results revealed that number of adults and nymphs of S. furcifera on Zhehun was similar with that on the resistant RHT and Zhekang, 1/2 and 1/4～1/5 less than on susceptible Zhefu 802 and TN1, respectively. Honeydew excreted by S. furcifera on Zhehun and Zhekang was 9.03 mg/♀·d and 6.97 mg/♀·d, respectively, significantly lower than that on Zhefu 802 (17.64 mg/♀·d) and TN1(19.14 mg/♀·d). There were no significant differences in total number of eggs and percentage of egg developed between Zhehun and Zhekang, and between Zhehun and Zhefu 802 and TN1. In compared with Zhekang, the yield of Zhehun increased by 1.17%, whereas the yield of Zhefu 802 decreased by 19.11%; the 1000-grain weights of Zhehun and Zhefu 802 decreased by 2 57% and 9 84%, respectively. Therefore, planting the mixture of resistant and susceptible rice materials to S. furcifera could efficiently suppress the development of S. furcifera and secured rice yield without losses.

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Field Trials on the Sustainable Management of the Whitebacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera Through Planting Resistant Cultivars and Reducing Insecticide Use LIU Guang-jie ,SOGAWA Kazushige ,SHI Dun-gui ,CHEN Shi-gao ,SHEN Jun-hui ,XIE Xue-mei ,QIAO Qing-chun ,PU Zheng-guo ,LIU Xiang-gui ,YANG Ying-song ,WANG Jing-yu ,LIU Chun ,WAN Rong 2003, 17(ZK): 108-114 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (602KB) ( )   The field trials on the sustainable management of the whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera through planting resistant cultivars and reducing insecticide use were conducted by investigating number of insect pests and spiders, measuring rice yield and 1000-grain weight and comparison of net income from rice production in Fuyang, Zhejiang and Xiu- shan, Chongqing. Insecticide treatments were sprayed insecticides twice and farmer-self management,and not spraying insecticides severed as control. Results indicated that number of adults and nymphs of S. furcifera on the resistant cultivar Jiahua 1 under all insecticide treatments was at 0 9-3 3 insects/plant, and 826 7 times lower than that on the susceptible cultivar Zhongxiang 1 without insecticide treatment. Number of spiders in the plots without insecticide treatment was 2 8-5 5 and 1 6-4 1 times more than ones with insecticides sprayed twice and farmer-self management. Under the same insecticide treatment, the quantity and percentage of yield loss on resistant or tolerant cultivars were obviously lower than those on susceptible ones. Planting resistant cultivar Jiahua 1 could increase net income up to 1 13%-15 91% of without insecticide use. It could be concluded that S. furcifera could be efficiently suppressed by planting resistant or tolerant cultivars, reducing insecticide use to 2 times and up to no insecticides, and maximizing the controlling effect of spiders to insect pests so as to achieve the similar net income with ordinary use of insecticides at 4-5 times per rice season and even higher.