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10 July 2003, Volume 17 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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研究报告
综述与专论
研究简报
实验技术


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研究报告

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Gene Flow Between Herbicide-Resistant Transgenic Rice and Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis Under Mentor Pollen Inducement SONG Xiao-ling,QIANG Sheng *,SUN Ming-zhu 2003, 17(3): 191-195 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (670KB) ( )   The potential gene flow between two varieties of transgenic rice with bar gene (Y0003 and 99-t) (male) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis) (female) was studied by means of reproductive biology. The germination and growth of rice pollen grains on barnyardgrass stigmas at 30 minutes,1-4 hours after artificial crossing under mentor pollen inducement produced with different methods(irradiated under ultraviolet radiation, repeated freezing and thawing, and put in dark condition) were observed with light-microscope, and compared with those of self-pollination at the corresponding time. Results demonstrated that the pollen grains of transgenic rice on the barnyardgrass stigmas could neither germinate nor grow normally after crossing, and couldn’t penetrate the barnyardgrass stigmas even under mentor pollen inducement conditions. Furthermore, emasculated barnyardgrass pollinated with the rice pollen grains under mentor pollen inducement conditions couldn’t seed. It was showed that the mentor pollen inducement couldn’t break the sexual incompatibility between herbicide-resistant transgenic rice and barnyardgrass, the possibility of gene flow between them was very low.

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Studies on Target Genes Transferred by Rice Floral Organ-Mediated Method LI Xiao-xiang ,HE Ying-chun ,GAO Bi-da 2003, 17(3): 196-200 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (1965KB) ( )   Effects of receptor varieties, plasmids concentrations on the rice transformation rate via floral organ-mediated method were studied. Of 20 tested rice varieties, nine varieties were suitable for transformation. The feasible plasmids concentrations for rice transformation varied with receptor varieties in a rather wide range of concentrations. The validity of target genes transferred by rice floral organ-mediated method were verified by PCR analysis, evaluation of resistance to sheath blight and blast, screening by hygromycin B and examination of GUS activity in transgenic rice. T4 transgenic rice plants containing Serratia marcescens chitinase gene showed resistance to rice sheath blight and rice leaf blast after inoculation with pathogens.

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Development of Single Segment Substitution Lines (SSSLs) of Subspecies in Rice LIU Guan-ming,LI Wen-tao,ZENG Rui-zhen,ZHANG Gui-quan* 2003, 17(3): 201-204 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (121KB) ( )   Twenty-nine single segment substitution lines (SSSLs) with the recipient, Taichung 65 and the donor, Dee-geo-woo-gen or Zhaiyeqing had been developed through simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker-aided selection. The total length of substituted segments in 29 SSSLs was 643.65 cM with an average of 22.19 cM; the total covered length was 427.55 cM on nine chromosomes with the coverage of 23.47% of rice genome.

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Screening and Characterization of Mutants Induced from Zhonghua 11 (Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica) by Irradiation ZHU Xu-dong ,CHEN Hong-qi ,LUO Da ,ZHANG Jian-jun ,FANG Hong-min ,MIN Shao-kai 2003, 17(3): 205-210 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (1038KB) ( )   The japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety Zhonghua 11, developed by anther culture technology, was irradiated by gamma rays to induce extensive mutation for functional genomics research use. M 1 generation was transplanted and harvested by each single plant. Ten thousand families of M 2 generation were planted. From seedling stage to maturity stage in M2 generation, 540 morphological mutants were isolated. In M3 generation 431 mutants including leaf, stalk, panicle and sterility variations were identified and selected repeatedly. The statistic analysis indicated that the mutation frequency of morphological character was 5.1%.

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Dissection of QTLs in Two Years for Important Agronomic Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) GUO Long-biao,LUO Li-jun,XING Yong-zhong,XU Cai-guo,MEI Han-wei,WANG Yi-ping,ZHONG Dai-bin,QIAN Qian,YING Cun-shan,SHI Chun-hai 2003, 17(3): 211-218 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (239KB) ( )   QTL for nine important agronomic traits including plant height, heading time, yield and yield components were investigated in two years (1999-2000) by using a population of 241 RIL population derived from an elite hybrid cross of “Zhenshan 97 × Minghui 63”. Results showed that the tremendous transgressive segregations for nine traits were observed in the population and the frequencies of these traits were approximately normally distributed. A total of 64 QTL distributed on 11 rice chromosomes except the forth one were detected in 1999 and 2000, including 45 and 35 QTL in 1999 and 2000, respectively, and 16 QTL were both found in two years. The contributions of QTL in 2000 were 2.83%-14.99%, which were lower than those in 1999. Different environments could affect QTL expressing, but differential expression of two-year QTL was not completely resulted from QTL×environment(QE) interactions, maybe it was the common results of lower heredity, lower genetic effects of QTL and QE interactions In addition, eight significant QE interactions were identified, but their genetic effects were obviously lower than those of related QTL.

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QTL Analysis of Flag Leaf Angle in Rice DONG Guo-jun ,Hiroshi FUJIMOTO ,TENG Sheng ,HU Xing-ming ,ZENG Da-li ,GUO Long-biao ,QIAN Qian 2003, 17(3): 219-222 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (145KB) ( )   A DH population derived from the cross of Zhaiyeqing 8/Jingxi 17, which were significantly different in flag leaf angle, was used in QTL analysis of flag leaf angle in rice. The flag leaf angles of DH population were investigated at heading stage. QTL analysis was taken based on the constructed molecular linkage map. Four QTLs (qFLA-1, qFLA-2, qFLA-3 and qFLA-12) were detected on chromosome 1, 2, 3 and 12, respectively, and their variations were 10.6%, 11.8%, 9.8% and 8.1%, respectively. The additive effects of qFLA-1 and qFLA-2 were contributed by Jingxi 17, whereas those of qFLA-3 and qFLA-12 were contributed by Zhaiyeqing 8. Pyramiding of increasing alleles enlarged the flag leaf angle. The prospective application of the QTLs for flag leaf character in rice breeding was also discussed.

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Mapping QTLs for Heat Tolerance and Correlation between Heat Tolerance and Photosynthetic Rate in Rice CAO Li-yong ,ZHAO Jian-gen ,ZHAN Xiao-deng ,LI Deng-lou ,HE Li-bin ,CHENG Shi-hua 2003, 17(3): 223-227 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (174KB) ( )   A double haploid (DH) population derived from a cross between Azucena (japonica) and IR64 (indica), was used for detecting additive effect(A) of quantitative trait loci(QTL) and their additive×additive epistasis(AA) for rice heat tolerance under field and greenhouse experiments. Seed setting rate of 109 DH lines was scored as the parameter of heat tolerance. QTL analysis was conducted by using the constructed molecular linkage map and software QTLmapper 1.0. Six additive effect QTLs were detected on chromosome 1,3,4,8 and 11, respectively. Eight pairs of epistasis effects QTLs were detected on chromosome 1,2,3,4,5,7,8 and 11 with variance explained being 2.27%-8.13%. Photosynthetic rate and heat tolerance were measured at maximum tillering and heading stage, and results showed that photosynthetic rate at heading stage was significantly positive correlated with heat tolerance.

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High Hydrostatic Pressure Induced Changes of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Rice Mutant Lines BAI Cheng-ke,LI Gui-shuang,PENG Chang-lian,DUAN Jun 2003, 17(3): 228-232 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (200KB) ( )   Three mutant lines, selected from rice cultivar Yuexiangzhan treated with high hydrostatic pressure (75 MPa), and their parent were used to study the changes of chlorophyll fluorescence at different growth stages. Results showed that the function of PSⅡ was improved in the mutant lines compared to their parent Yuexiangzhan, which was indicated by increase of Fv/Fm in mutant lines at tillering stage and heading stage, and ΦPSⅡ (PSⅡ linear electron transport) also increased except mutant 2 at heading stage. Like their parent, the mutant lines also had slight photoinhibition at noon and almost completely recovered after 18:00 at heading stage. Compared with parent, the mutant lines were inhibited obviously by high light at noon and could recover rapidly after 18:00 at filling stage. Yields of individual plant and ratio of grain to straws were also higher in the 3 mutant lines than those of parent. Results indicated that characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves of the mutant lines and their photoinhibition in the field had changed. Yield of mutant lines also increased significantly. High hydrostatic pressure-induction should be a new way to select high yield rice cultivars in the future.

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Variations of Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Rice Genotype PIAO Zhong-ze ,HAN Long-zhi ,KOH Hee-jeong 2003, 17(3): 233-238 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (209KB) ( )   Difference of N-use efficiency for rice varieties, correlation among rice grain yields and traits associated with N-use efficiency, difference of N-absorbed amount at different growth stages were analysed in N-fertilized and N-unfertilized conditions by using nine rice varieties. Results showed that total N-absorbed amount and physiological N-use efficiency at harvest-ing stage and N-translocation efficiency significantly differed among nine rice varieties in both N-fertilized and N-unfertilized conditions. N-use efficiency in N-unfertilized condition was higher than that in N-fertilized condition; Physiological N-use efficiency at harvesting stage was significantly correlated with total N-absorbed amount, N-translocation efficiency, rice grain yield, number of panicles, seed setting rate and harvest index. Total N-absorbed amount from booting stage to maturity stage were significantly different among rice varieties, while N-absorbed amount at early and middle growth stage weren’t significantly different among rice varieties.

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Effects of Water Stress on Rice Grain Yield and Quality After Heading Stage ZHENG Jia-guo,REN Guang-jun,LU Xian-jun,JIANG Xin-lu 2003, 17(3): 239-243 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (189KB) ( )   Pot experiment was conducted in 2000-2001. Results showed that water stress reduced rice yield significantly within 25 days after 80% of full heading; the effects were very weak after 25 days due to water in soil could maintain rice physiological activity about 10 days. The grain quality interrelated to the grain filling degree. It was better to keep water in paddy until 25 days after 80% of full heading for rice quality cultivation.

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Effect of pH in Rhizosphere on the Characteristic of Light Energy Transformation in Hybrid Rice Seedlings LIU Shao-hua ,CHEN Guo-xiang ,LU Chuan-gen ,YANG Yan-hua ,SHAO Zhi-guang ,WANG Na 2003, 17(3): 244-248 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (995KB) ( )   Effect of pH on photosynthetic rate of leaf, electron transfer activity of photosystem, absorption spectrum, fluorescence emission spectrum at room temperature, and polypeptide compositions of rice seedlings thylakiod membrane were observed. Results showed that under pH 4.0 and pH 8.0, the electron transfer activity of PSⅠand PSⅡ were inhibited and the inhibition to PSⅡwas stronger than that to PSⅠ. The fluorescence emission spectrum of thylakiod membrane was reduced, whereas the absorption spectrum was strengthened at room temperature. The polypeptide compositions were not changed. pH 6.0 is the fittest to rice seedlings growth.

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Effects of Nutrient and Pest Management on Soil Microbial Activity in Hybrid Rice Double Annual Cropping System XIE Xiao-mei ,LIAO Min ,LIU Wei-ping ,Susanne KLOSE 2003, 17(3): 249-254 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (227KB) ( )   Combined effects on soil microbial activity of nutrient and pest management in hybrid rice double annual cropping system were studied. The results of field experiment showed significant changes in soil parameters with different management practices and at different growth stages. Marked depletions in the soil microbial biomass phospholipid contents were found with the advancement of crop growth stages, while the incorporation of fertilizers and/or pesticides also produced slight changes, the lowest microbial biomass phospholipid content was found with pesticides alone application. A decline in the bacterial abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria was observed with the continuance of crop growth stages, and the lowest abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria was found with pesticides alone application, which coincided with the similar decline of soil microbial biomass. A consistent increase in the electron transport system (ETS)/Dehydrogenase activity was measured during the different crop growth stages of rice. The use of fertilizers (N,P,K) alone or together with pesticides increased electron transport system activity, while a decline was noticed with pesticides alone application as compared with the control. The soil protein content was found nearly stable with fertilizers and/or pesticides application at various growth stages in both crops taken, but notable changes were noticed at different growth stages.

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Preliminary Evaluation of Pathotypes of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Japonica Rice Region of Yunnan Plateau YU Teng-qiong ,YE Chang-rong ,XU Fu-rong ,LIANG Bin ,ZHANG Jin-yu ,WANG Jian-jun ,MAO Xiao-qiang ,DAI Lu-yuan 2003, 17(3): 255-259 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (196KB) ( )   Seventeen isolates of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae collected from japonica rice grown in the Yunnan plateau region were preliminary classified into 7 pathotypes according to the pathogenic reactions on 30 rice varieties tested. The 7 pathotypes were named as pathotype Ⅰ to pathotype Ⅶ. The pathotype Ⅴ is an epidemic one in the Yunnan plateau rice region now. Seven rice varieties are considered as a set of differential varieties for bacterial blight race in the Yunnan plateau japonica rice, i.e. Kogyoku, Haonuoyang, TN1, Zhenzhu′ai, IR26, Nanjing 33 and Kinmaze . The disease reactions of the 7 pathotypes were determined on the set of differential varieties. The varieties Wase Aikoku 3 (Xa-3), IR1545-339(xa-5), IRBB21(Xa-21), and Zhachanglong (Xa-22t, Xa-24t) were resistant to all strains tested, and useful for resistance breeding in Yunnan Province.

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Distribution of Mating Type and Identification of Physiological Race in Magnaporthe grisea Collected from Three Main Diseased Areas of Hunan Province, China Raoul Bruno NGUEKO ,SHEN Ying ,XU Tong 2003, 17(3): 260-264 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (614KB) ( )   Fifty-seven mono-conidial blast fungi (Magnaporthe grisea) isolated from three main diseased areas of Hunan Province in September 2001 were co-cultivated on rice flour medium with four standard testers provided by International Center for Collaboration in Agronomic Research and Development (CIRAD) in order to determine their mating types. Results showed that 30% and 12% of the tested isolates were determined as Mat1.1 and Mat1.2, respectively, while the remaining 60% were unknown mating types. A total of 24 fertile strains were obtained, only five of them were female/hermaphroditic isolates, being accounted for 9% of the total tested isolates. The cross between isolates of the opposite mating types did not show any production of perithecia even between hermaphroditic isolates. The Chinese race of each isolate was determined after pathogenicity test to the seven Chinese differential cultivars. ZA and ZB were dominant groups and the race ZB15 was predominant among the 20 races obtained. The perfect stage of M. grisea in the field was also discussed.

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Evaluation for Tolerance and Compensation of Rice Varieties to Infesting of Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens CHEN Jian-ming ,YU Xiao-ping ,CHENG Jia-an ,LU Zhong-xian ,ZHENG Xu-song ,XU Hong-xing 2003, 17(3): 265-269 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (188KB) ( )   Tolerance and compensation of different rice varieties to infesting of Nilaparvata lugens were conducted. Tolerance experimental results indicated that super rice combination Pei′ai 64S/32E had a stronger tolerance to brown planthopper (BPH) feeding, and Jiayu 948 (early indica rice) had both tolerance and antibiosis. Xiushui 11 (japonica rice) and Shan- you 63 (indica hybrid rice) were similar to susceptible check variety TN1 (CK), were not capable of tolerance to BPH feeding, ASD7 and IR64 belonged to antibiosis varieties. Results of rice growth compensation showed that whether by primary tiller removal or with BPH injury, change percentages of plant height, number of tillers, leaf area of the second leaf, dry weight of plants above ground and root activity of Xiu-shui 11 and Shanyou 63 were similar to those of TN1, indicated that Xiushui 11 and Shanyou 63 had no obvious growth compensation. For Pei′ai 64S/32E, plant height, leaf area of the second leaf and chlorophyll content changed insignificantly and number of tillers increased greatly, indicated that this variety had a stronger compensative ability. For Jiayu 948, plant height reduced and number of tillers and leaf area of the second leaf increased obviously, indicated that the variety also had stronger compensation.

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Effects of Fertilization Levels on the Whitebacked Planthopper (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) Population in Rice JIANG Ming-xing,CHENG Jia-an * 2003, 17(3): 270-274 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (176KB) ( )   Development, survival and reproduction of the whitebacked planthopper,Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), were examined on potted rice plants (Shanyou 63) which were treated with organic manure (OM) and chemical fertilizers (CF) (urea, calcium superphosphate and potassium chloride) at different levels. Plants were fertilized before transplanting at (I) N 200 mg/pot, P 230 mg/pot and K 95 mg/pot, (Ⅱ) N 400 mg/pot, P 460 mg/pot and K 190 mg/pot, and (Ⅲ) N 600 mg/pot, P 690 mg/pot and K 285 mg/pot, respectively, and used in one week after fertilization (27 days old seedling). In the treatment of low fertilization (level Ⅰ), little difference occurred in most of population parameters between the OM and CF treatments. However, as fertilization increased to level Ⅱ and Ⅲ, significantly lower hatch rate and nymph survival, longer nymph period, shorter oviposition period, lower fecundity and innate capacity of increase were observed in the insect feeding on OM-fertilized plants than on CF-fertilized plants. It was concluded that, as compared with chemical fertilizer, organic manure was evidently unsuitable for S. furcifera population development.

综述与专论

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Current Status of the Research on High-Yielding and High Efficiency in Resource Use and Improving Grain Quality in Rice Peng Shao-bing,Yang Jian-chang 2003, 17(3): 275-280 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (127KB) ( )   Recently, developed countries have invested heavily on the development of precision farming by using information technologies and advanced knowledge for the purpose of improving crop performance and environmental quality.By absorbing the advanced ideas of precision farmingabroad and combining the practice in home, Chinese agronomists have preliminarily put forward quantitative methods and key indices of base-seedling determination, fertilizer application and irrigation at the high-yielding cultivationof crops such as rice, which, in an important respect, has laid a foundation and created conditions for studying and establishing the precision crop cultivation system with Chinese characteristics. The adoption of direct seeding methods for rice crop establishment in place of transplanting has continuously increased in Asia. Direct seeding reduces labor cost and increaseswater use efficiency. Weed control and lodging are the major constraints that limit yield and adoption of direct seeding method. Plastic film mulching cultivation has become an important research topic in China in the past few years. Plastic film mulch preserves soil moisture, increases soil temperature, and reduces the consumption of irrigation waterand N losses. However, a great attention should be paidto a potential threat to the environmentbrought by using plastic film. Both in China and abroad, crop management has been transformed to pay great attention to the combination of high yield, good quality and high efficiency from only paying an importance to high yield before, and will pay great attention to the environmental protection, and the production of nopollution food, green food and organic food. Application of the information technology in agriculture will accelerate the modernization, standardization and intellectualizationof crop management.

研究简报

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Relationship Between Specific Leaf Weight and Photosynthetic Rate at Panicle Initiation Stage in Super Hybrid Rice LIN Xian-qing ,ZHU De-feng ,ZHOU Wei-jun ,ZHANG Yu-Ping 2003, 17(3): 281-283 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (115KB) ( )   Super hybrid rice Liangyoupeijiu and Zhongyou 6 were used to analyze the relationship between specific leaf weight and photosynthetic rate at panicle initiation stage under different transplanting densities. Results showed that there was significant difference in the specific leaf weight and photosynthetic rate under various densities. The linear and positive relationship between the specific leaf weight and photosynthetic rate was observed from the same material.

实验技术

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A Simplified Method for Evaluating Gelatinization Temperature and Amylose Content of Rice HU Pei-song ,ZHAI Hu-qu ,TANG Shao-qing ,WAN Jian-min 2003, 17(3): 284-286 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (974KB) ( )   A rapid, inexpensive, and simplified method for evaluating gelatinization temperature and amylose content of rice was developed. The procedure was as follow: Six rough rice grains were digested in 10 mL 2 mol/L KOH alkali solution, and then added 5 mL iodine solution (0.2 g iodine and 2.0 g potassium iodide in 100 mL of aqueous solution). The gelatinization temperature (expressed by alkali spreading value) and amylose content of rice measured by the simplified method and by standard method were significantly correlated, with the correlation coefficients of 0.932 and 0.915,respectively. The method is suitable for estimation of gelatinization temperature and amylose content of rice with large populations at low generations in breeding.

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Determination of Amylose Content in Single Rice Grain by Near Infrared Transmittance Spectroscopy(NITS) XIAO Xin,CHEN Yi,LUO Wen-yong,LIU Yan-zhuo,MAO Xing-xue,LI Xiao-fang * 2003, 17(3): 287-290 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (150KB) ( )   Two hundred and twenty-two samples of single rice seed were scanned by FOSS Tecator Infratec 1255 Analyzer with Single Seed Adapter and the amylose contents were determined by reference method. With the powerful WinISI calibration maker software, several mathematics treatments to the sample spectra and several different regression methods were adopted to optimize a good calibration equation for determination of amylose content in a single rice grain. The standard error of calibration (SEC), standard error of cross-validation(SECV), validation performance (SEP) and regression squared (RSQ) of the calibration selected were 2.828, 3.088, 2.792 and 0.848, respectively.