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10 March 2015, Volume 29 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Physiological Characterization and Gene Identification of a Yellow-Green Leaf Mutant ygl11(t) in Rice Shu-jun WU, Jie YANG, Ying YAN, Li-xia ZHANG, Fang-jun FAN, Jin-yan ZHU, Wen-qi LI, Wei-gong ZHONG, Li-ming CAO, Jun WANG 2015, 29(2): 111-118.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2015.02.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2739KB) ( )   A spontaneous mutant showing yellow-green leaf throughout the growth period, designated as ygl11(t), was screened and identified from rice cultivar Nanjing 41. This mutant was grown for several generations and showed stable mutation phenotype. The ygl11(t) mutant has reduced chlorophyll accumulation and abnormal chloroplast development. The average contents of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotene in the ygl11(t) mutant were 45.7% to 74.7%, 55.2% to 87.5%, 12.5% to 25.3%, and 62.3% to 97.0% of these in wild type, respectively, at the stages of seedling, tillering and heading. The leaf net photosynthetic rate of the ygl11(t) was significantly higher at maximum tillering stage and slightly lower at 10 days after flowering than that of wild type. Ultrastructure analysis revealed that the grana lamellae of chloroplast thylakoid were less in number and abnormally developed in the ygl11(t) mutant. Genetic analysis suggested that the phenotype of ygl11(t) was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene. YGL11(t)was prelimarily mapped on the long arm of rice chromosome 10, and was finally narrowed to a 58.1 kb region containing six open reading frames (ORFs). All the six ORFs were amplified and sequenced. A 2-bp deletion was found in the 9th exon of the OsCAO1gene, encoding a chlorophyll a oxygenase 1, which results in a premature stop codon and protein truncation in the ygl11(t) mutant. These results suggest that the OsCAO1 gene is the candidate of YGL11(t).

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Mapping a QTL(qHTH5) for Heat Tolerance at the Heading Stage on Rice Chromosome 5 and Its Genetic Effect Analysis Zhi-bin CAO, Hong-wei XIE, Yuan-yuan NIE, Ling-hua MAO, Yong-hui LI, Yao-hui CAI 2015, 29(2): 119-125.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2015.02.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (524KB) ( )   Using an interspecific near-isogenic line derived from Oryza sativa ssp. indica (Shuhui 527)×O. rufipogon Griff.(Yuanjiang common wild rice Hehuatang 3) as materials, a QTL for heat tolerance at the heading stage in the heat-tolerant near-isogenic rice line YJ10-03-01 was analyzed. A total of 360 simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers evenly distributed across 12 chromosomes were used to detect polymorphisms between YJ10-03-01 and indica restorer Shuhui 527, and nine were polymorphic. Single marker analysis revealed that markers on chromosome 5 were associated with heat tolerance at the heading stage using seed setting percentage as index for heat tolerance. By interval mapping using F2 population(1,027 plants)from YJ10-03-01×Shuhui 527, a QTL for heat tolerance was detected on the short arm of chromosome 5. The QTL explained 8.6% and 19.4% of phenotypic variances in the F2 and F3 generations under heat stress (artificial climate chamber), respectively. Recombinant plants were screened for two flanking markers, RM7320 and RM7444, in F3 generation, and substitution mapping suggested that the QTL was located in an interval of about 304.2 kb between markers RM592 and RM17921, we designated the QTL as qHTH5(quantitative trait locus for heat tolerance at the heading stage on chromosome 5).

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Expression of OsBC88, a Rice Cellulose Synthase Catalytic Subunit Gene Xiao-jing LI, Duo-duo XU, Yi-min XU, Kai-en ZHAI, Yao-long YANG, Jian-wei PAN, Yu-chun RAO 2015, 29(2): 126-134.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2015.02.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (5213KB) ( )   Brittle culm mutant in gramineae plants is an ideal material for secondary cell wall research. Previous studies about bc88 mutant in rice show that BC88 encodes a cellulose synthase catalytic subunit, OsCesA9. The genetic transformation of rice by BC88 promoter fused with GUS vector showed that BC88 was expressed ubiquitously in root, stem, leaf, sheath, flower, with high expression in culm and root. The mutation in BC88 may affect normal development and function of root, thereby affect the shoot growth and lead to semi-dwarf phenotype. Transfer BC88 fused with GFP protein into rice and tobacco epidermal cells show that, OsCesA9 is located at plasma membrane where cellulose synthesized, coinciding with that OsCesA9 is one of the essential functional CESA units for cellulose synthesis of secondary cell wall. These results provided new information for analysis of BC88 biological function and it’s of great significance for the further understanding of BC88 in regulating the secondary cell wall synthesis or other related process.

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Functional Analysis of Zinc Finger Protein Gene OsZFP1 in Rice He LI, Yi-juan HAN, Yi-juan LIN, Li-hua LIU, Cheng-kang ZHANG, Lian-hu ZHANG, Zong-hua WANG, Guo-dong LU 2015, 29(2): 135-140.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2015.02.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1685KB) ( )   The rice protein OsZfp1 which interacts with MoSp1 is a C3HC4-type RING-finger protein predicted by bioinformatic tools. The transcriptional changes of OsZFP1 gene during Magnaporthe oryzae infection showed that the expression level of OsZFP1 peaked with 3.8 folds at 18 hours after spore-spaying inoculation, revealing that OsZFP1might respond to M. oryzae invasion. The OsZFP1 overexpression transgenic rice plants were gained through modified Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The statistic analysis indicated that the overexpression plants confer resistance against M. oryzae. In conclusion, the OsZFP1 gene may play an important role in rice immunity against M. oryzae.

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Effects of Nitrogen Application and Shading on Yields and Some Physiological Characteristics in Different Rice Genotypes Sheng-gang PAN, Xiang-cheng WEN, Zhao-wen MO, Mei-yang DUAN, Hao-ran DONG, Gui-xing HUANG, Hua TIAN, Xiang-ru TANG 2015, 29(2): 141-149.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2015.02.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (452KB) ( )   Effects of shading at the beginning of heading stage on grain yields and some physiological characteristics under different nitrogen application rates in different rice genotypes were investigated by using Peizataifeng, Yuejingsimiao and Tianyou 998 as test materials. Nitrogen application rate was 0, 120 and 180 kg/hm2, which was expressed as NN, MN and HN in order, respectively. The shading treatment was double-deck shade, single-deck shade and no shade, which was expressed as DS, SS and CK, respectively. Compared with NN, leaf area index (LAI), stem dry weight, total dry material weight, dry weight output and export percentage of dry matter in stem and sheath under HN were higher in five days recovery under shade treatment in rice. And photosynthesis rate (Pr) and stomatal conductance (Gs)in the first leaf from the top under HN was higher than that under NN, respectively. Furthermore, grain yield and effective panicle number per hill and total number of spikelets per panicle were significantly higher under HN, whereas seed setting rate and 1000-grain-weight was remarkably fewer than that under NN. Compared with no shade treatment, stem dry weight, total dry material weight, LAI, Pr and Gs declined evidently under DS. And grain yield and effective panicle number per hill decreased significantly, too. There were significant effects of interaction between nitrogen application and shading on LAI, stem dry weight, total dry weight, effective panicle number per hill and yield. Nitrogen application under single-deck shade treatment could reduce harmful effects on LAI, stem dry weight, total dry weight, effective panicle number per hill and grain yield in rice. Among the tested cultivars, super hybrid rice Tianyou 998 was the most sensitive to nitrogen application and shading.

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Photosynthetic Characteristics of Rice Under Drip Irrigation with Plastic Film Mulching and Continuous Flooding Zhi-jun WANG, Zong-ming XIE, You-sheng TIAN, Lin CHEN, Yong-mei DONG, You-zhong LI, Zhao-zhi LV 2015, 29(2): 150-158.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2015.02.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (891KB) ( )   Photosynthetic pigments contents,photosynthetic characteristics,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, osmolytes,and water use efficiency(WUE) and yield factors at milky stage of two rice lines T-04 and T-43(Oryza sativa subsp. keng) were analyzed under traditional continuous flooding and drip irrigation with plastic film mulching in a pot experiment. The results showed that the WUE of rice under drip irrigation with plastic film mulching were higher than that under traditional flooding, but chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and carotenoids contents were significantly reduced compared with those under traditional continuous flooding.The maximum leaf net photosynthetic rate,relatively high intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci) and an equivalent stomatal conductance(GS),transpiration rate(Tr) were significantly lower than those under continuous flooding, indicating that the reduced photosynthetic rate was attributed to both chlorophyll contents and stoma.Apparent quantum efficiency(AQY), carboxylation efficiency(CE), ΦPSⅡ,electron transport rate (ETR) and Fv/Fm decreased significantly (P<0.05). Lower photosynthetic pigments contents might be the main factor to low leaf photosynthetic rate which directly leads to 1ower light-harvesting capacity and photochemical conversion efficiencies of the PSⅡ reaction center. The contents of soluble sugars(SS) and soluble proteins(SP) were lower, but both proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde(MDA) contents were higher than those under continuous flooding cultivation,implicating that drip irrigation with plastic film mulching resulted in membrane lipid peroxidation,and cell membrane damage to some degree, but activated osmolytes accumulation thus enhanced its drought tolerance. Effective panicle number per unit area and seed setting rate under drip irrigation with plastic film mulching were significantly reduced,leading to a declined seed production.

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The Response of Phytic Acid and Its Expression Profiles in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grain as Induced by Phosphorus Supply Da SU, Fu-biao WANG, Bing-ting LEI, Jue WANG, Gang PAN, Fang-min CHENG 2015, 29(2): 159-166.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2015.02.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (902KB) ( )   Phytic acid (PA) is the main storage form of phosphorus (P) in cereal grains. However, the relationship between external P supply and grain PA accumulation has not yet been fully understood. Two japonica rice cultivars were used to investigate the effects of phosphorus (P) treatments on grain phytic acid (PA) and its relation to inositol phosphate-related genes expression profiles using a culture of detached panicle of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Results showed that high P level caused a significant increase in grain PA, inorganic P (Pi) and total P contents. However, grain weight and PA content per grain were P concentration-dependent, and decreased under high P treatment (12P). High P supply decreased grain Zn and Fe concentrations, and their bio-availabilities. Moreover, P treatment also influenced all four PA related genes expression (RINO1, ITP5/6K-6, IPK2 and IPK1), especially for RINO1, a rate-limiting gene in PA synthesis and highly expressed in rice grains. Specifically, RION1 gene expression was up-regulated at optimum P (3P) concentration, but was significantly down-regulated under high P treatment (12P), which corresponded with the variation of grain PA content in rice, suggesting RION1 was a key metabolic gene in PA synthesis with P supply. In contrast, only a slight contribution of IPK2 gene was exhibited in PA synthesis induced by P supply.

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Relationship Between Cooking-eating Quality and Subspecies Differentiation in RILs Population from indica and japonica Crossing Jia ZHANG, Hai-tao CHENG, Hai XU, Ying-jun XIA, Chun-xiang LIU, Zheng-jin XU 2015, 29(2): 167-173.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2015.02.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1931KB) ( )   Two recombinant inbred lines(RILs) populations, one derived from the cross between Zhongyouzao 8(indica) and Toyonishiki(japonica), the other derived from the cross between Qishanzhan(indica) and Akihikari(japonica), were used to identify indica-japonica subspecies differentiation of hybrids by Cheng’s index method and to determine the eating quality and RVA profile characteristic value of rice, to analyze the relationship between cooking-eating quality and subspecies differentiation in RILs populations from indica-japonica crossing. The number of lines from Zhongyouzao 8/Toyonishiki and Qishanzhan/Akihikari are 158 and 142,respectively. The results showed that: 1) Cheng’s index, taste, comprehensive score and RVA characteristics of the two RILs populations followed a continuous distribution, with most lines being mid-parent type. 2) There were insignificant correlations or low correlation coefficients between Cheng’s index and taste, comprehensive score, RVA characteristics. There were insignificant differences among taste, comprehensive score and RVA characteristics for different subspecies based on Cheng’s index. It showed that indica-japonica differentiation had no direct influence on cooking-eating quality. 3) With the rising taste and comprehensive score, hot paste viscosity, cool paste viscosity, setback viscosity, consistence viscosity decreased and breakdown viscosity increased, other RVA characteristics did not change obviously.

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Nutrients Removal From Fish Pond by Rice Planting Feng-bo LI, Jin-fei FENG, Xi-yue ZHOU, Dian-xing WU, Fan CHEN, Chun-chun XU, Fu-ping FANG 2015, 29(2): 174-180.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2015.02.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (851KB) ( )   An experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of rice planting on nutrients removal from yellow catfish pond. The results indicated that the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water of the pond with rice planting significantly decreased during the whole rice growing season. The concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the water without rice planting were 11.98 mg/L and 0.52 mg/L in the harvest time of rice,respectively, higher than the secondary standard of the Requirement for Water Discharge from Freshwater Aquaculture Pond. While the concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were 0.49 mg/L and 0.08 mg/L with rice planting, meeting the primary standard of the Requirement for Water Discharge from Freshwater Aquaculture Pond. The contents of total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), total phosphorus (TP), and phosphate (PO43--P) in the water with rice planting reduced by 95.95%, 98.09%, 98.07%, 84.47% and 64.57%. COD contents and pH value in the water with rice culture were lower than those without rice culture. It demonstrated that rice planting help reduce water nutrients and improve water quality.

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Effects of Water Regime on Yield-scaled Global Warming Potential Under Double Rice-Cropping System With Straw Returning Qing-yin SHANG, Xiu-xia YANG, Chen CHENG, Kang LUO, Shan HUANG, Qing-hua SHI, Xiao-hua PAN, Yong-jun ZENG 2015, 29(2): 181-190.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2015.02.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1248KB) ( )   This study provided an insight into a complete green house gases(GHG) accounting of global warming potential(GWP) as affected by water regime in typical double rice-cropping system with crop residue returning. The three water treatments included continuous flooding (F), flooding-midseason drainage-reflooding (F-D-F) and flooding-midseason drainage-reflooding-moist intermittent irrigation (F-D-F-M) in rice growing seasons. Methane and N2O fluxes were measured using static chamber method. The results showed that annual CH4 emissions ranged from 208.3 kg/hm2 for the F-D-F-M plots to 678.2 kg/hm2 for the F plots, being 60.6%-71.7% from late-rice season. The CH4 emission was significantly reduced by midseason drainage and intermittent irrigation in comparison with continuous flooding. Annual N2O emission was 4.75-8.19 kg/hm2 in the double rice-cropping system. Compared with the F plots, the N2O emission slightly reduced in the F-D-F plots, while it was remarkably increased in the F-D-F-M plots. Among treatments, the grain yields of early-rice and late-rice were 7.76-8.02 t/hm2 and 7.22-8.69 t/hm2, respectively. The GWP ranged from 7648.8 kg/hm2 for the F-D-F-M plots to 18471.8 kg/hm2 for the F plots in double rice-cropping system with crop residue returning. The GWP ranged from 0.48 kg/kg to 1.12 kg/kg, significantly reduced for the F-D-F and F-D-F-M plots as compared to F plots. Therefore, agricultural economic viability and GHGs mitigation can be simultaneously achieved by midseason drainage and intermittent irrigation instead of continuous waterlogging in the double rice-cropping system with crop residue returing.

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Analysis on Regional Ecological Adaptability of High Quality Rice Nanjing 9108 Under High-yield Mechanized Cultivation Da-wei ZHU, Bao-wei GUO, Hong-cheng ZHANG, Li WANG, Qi-gen DAI, Zhong-yang HUO, Ke XU, Hai-yan WEI, Hui GAO 2015, 29(2): 191-199.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2015.02.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (895KB) ( )   The effect of mechanized cultivation on yield,growth duration and utilization of temperature and illumination of japonica high quality rice of Nanjing 9108 was investigated in different ecological regions under the rice-wheat cropping system to lay a theoretical basis for its large area mechanized transplanting and rational distribution. Under mechanized transplanting with blanket-shaped plantlet, we compared the yield,growth duration,utilization of temperature and illumination and green rice rate of Nanjing 9108 at variaus latitudes. The results showed that with increasing latitude the total accumulated temperature and yield first increased and then decreased, while the maturity followed a decrease trend.The whole growth duration increased with rising latitude at a rate of about 5 d for 1°. The total sunshine hours showed the same trend. The illumination has a great impact on the rice grain yield. With appropriate growth duration and high maturity, Central Jiangsu Province and Southern Jiangsu Province at northern latitudes from 32° to 34° are the most favorable planting areas, followed by Northern Jiangsu Province.

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Preliminary Study on Mechanisms of Growth Promotion in Rice Colonized by Piriformospora indica Jin-dan WU, Qian CHEN, Xiao-xi LIU, Fu-cheng LIN, Qi-kang GAO, Bing-gan LOU 2015, 29(2): 200-207.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2015.02.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1127KB) ( )   Piriformospora indica is a root endophytic fungus, which is able to establish beneficial symbiotic relationships with plant, and it can promote the growth of plants, enhance crop yield. In order to study the impact of P. indica on growth and development of rice, We analyzed the differences in plant height, biomass, tillering, heading, panicle properties, chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, root activity and expression of growth-related genes between nonglutinous rice colonized and un-colonized by P. indica. The results showed that the plant height, biomass of shoot, the number of tillers, root activity and NR activity of rice colonized by P. indica were significantly higher than that in un-colonized ones. Rice colonized by P. indica headed 4-6 days earlier than the un-colonized rice. The contents of chlorophyll increased by 19.77% and 17.89% respectively after P. indica treatment for 3 and 4 weeks. RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of auxin-regulated genes OsIAA13 and YUCCA were up-regulated in leaves of rice colonized by P. indica, being 1.49 and 1.30 folds as high as that of control plants. The expression of NRR, which negatively regulates the growth of rice, was 58% as high as that of control plants. The results indicated that the growth promotion of rice conferred by P. indica was relevant to chlorophyll content, NR activity, root activity and expression of growth-related genes. P. indica may promote the growth of rice through improving photosynthetic rate, enhancing mineral nutrition absorption and utilization and inducing auxin secretion.

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Application of the Second Generation Sequencing Technology in Rice Genomics and Transcriptomics Yang GAO, Da-wei XUE, Qian QIAN, Zhen-yu GAO 2015, 29(2): 208-214.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2015.02.013 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (429KB) ( )   The second generation sequencing technology made a revolutionary breakthrough in the field of sequencing technology with advantages, including high throughput, high precision and low cost. It provided a new method for the research in rice genomics. Here, we reviewed the theory and development of the second generation sequencing technology including sequencing by synthesis and sequencing by ligation, and summarized its applications in genomics, involving structural genomics and functional genomics, and transcriptomics of rice. Finally, the prospects of current sequencing technologies and their applications in rice research were also discussed.

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Research Progress of Spikelet Rot Disease and Bacterial Panicle Blight of Rice Lu LI, Lian-meng LIU, Guo-rong WANG, Ai-juan WANG, Ling WANG, Lei SUN, Qi-qin LI, Shi-wen HUANG 2015, 29(2): 215-222.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2015.02.014 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1293KB) ( )   Rice spikelet rot disease (RSRD) and bacterial panicle blight of rice (BPBR),two newly increasing or emerging diseases in China, are both panicle diseases in the late growth stage of rice. The diseases have become more and more serious in recent years due to the changes of climate, cultivation system, nutrient and water management as well as the substitute of rice varieties/combinations. The RSRD and BPBR not only affected rice yield directly but also decreased rice quality due to the colourful pathogens and pathogenic toxins. The toxins were also noxious to the animals and human beings. The two diseases have similarities in epidemic period, infected parts of rice and the damage degree. The regularity of the diseases’ occurrence and epidemiology, the damage status, the investigation of pathogens’ biological characteristics and their toxins, the control approaches in paddy fields were briefly reviewed. We pointed out the issues existed in current research and the research directions of these two diseases in the future.