Archive

10 September 2013, Volume 27 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue
---
Research Papers
Experimental Techniques
Reviews and Special Topics
Short Communications


For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX

Toggle Thumbnails

Research Papers

Select

Knockdown of CYP81A6  Gene  Affects  Expression of Other Genes   in Rice YANG Yang1, LIU Jinhua1, GAO Qikang1,2,* 2013, 27(5): 447-456.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.05.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (1568KB) ( )   To study the effects of knockdown the gene CYP81A6 on gene expression of transgenic rice,   we report the transcriptome profiling analysis of transgenic rice  4503 and normal control rice Xiushui 110. In this study, mRNA of transgenic rice and its parent (control) were deeply sequenced, sequences information obtained and functional genes comparison against the rice gene database were analyzed. Results showed that 3529 genes in  total were significantly differential expressed, among which 1018 genes were upregulated and 2511 genes were downregulated. The differential expressed genes distribution of the two samples showed that there were 2533 genes expressed in both Xiushui 110 and 4503, 633 genes only expressed in Xiushui 110, while 363 genes expressed just in 4503. Comparative analysis with 296 resistance genes in the rice database showed that 64 resistance genes were involved in rice resistance, including two  insectresistant genes, 17 diseaseresistant genes and 45 stressresistant genes, indicating that resistance of transgenic plant 4503 would be affected. Gene enrichment studies and further analysis showed that differential expressed genes were significantly enriched in 38 GO terms and 13 KO terms in 4503, ‘heme binding’ (GO:0020037) and ‘photosynthesis’ (KO 00195) were enriched most dramatically. Comparative transcriptome analysis of the transgenic rice 4503 and Xiushui 110 was conducted to clarify the changes of gene expression level in 4503. Knockdown of gene CYP81A6 may result in extensive and variable change in the transcriptome of 4503. Viewed from the gene evology point,these observations may provide valuable information to address the safety of genetically modified crops, and it could be used as a new method for  the safety evaluation of genetically modified organisms.

Select

Function of Phosphate Transporter OsPHT2;1 in Improving Phosphate Utilization in Rice SHI Shulin#, WANG Danfeng#, YAN Yan, ZHANG Fang, WANG Huadun, GU Mian, SUN Shubin*, XU Guohua 2013, 27(5): 457-465.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.05.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (1088KB) ( )   The uptake and distribution of Pi in plants requires multiple Pi transport systems throughout growth and development. A putative lowaffinity phosphate transporter gene, OsPHT2;1, was identified based on the rice genomic databases and bioinformatics analysis. The expression pattern of OsPHT2;1 in rice was investigated and the results showed its mRNA expressed in leaf mainly and in root little with the using of RTPCR. In addition, OsPHT2;1 induced by phosphate deficiency and light. By Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation with an Ubiquitin (Ubi) promoter, the function of OsPHT2;1 was tested by overexpression in rice. Compared with wild type, the Pi concentrations of OsPHT2;1Oe plants increased by  40.9%-48.5% in leaves, 35.6%-51.2% in roots and the biomass increased by 25.1%-30.3% at Pisufficient levels. The Pi concentrations in OsPHT2;1Oe plants increased by 53.1%-70.3% in leaves and the biomass increased by 25.6%-28.5% at Pideficient levels, while the Pi concentrations had no difference in roots. In field test, the total P concentrations of OsPHT2;1Oe plants significantly increased in the top three leaves and panicle axis. It indicated that OsPHT2;1 might be involved in the Pi accumulation in leaves and Pi translocation in plants.

Select

Preliminary Study on Function of OsPIN1a Gene in Negative Phototropism of Rice Roots XU Huawei1, MO Yiwei2, 3, *, SHI Guoan1, JIN Wenlong2, WANG Zhong4 2013, 27(5): 466-472.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.05.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (1983KB) ( )   To explore the relationship between auxin efflux protein OsPIN1a and negative phototropism of rice roots, the complete open reading frame (ORF) of OsPIN1a was amplified based on the sequence deposited in GenBank by RTPCR with genespecific primers. Sequencing results show that the GC content of OsPIN1a ORF is 65.49%. The fusion expression vector pCAMBIA1301OsPIN1a::GFP containing OsPIN1a and a coding green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene was constructed and transferred into onion skin cells by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation. Transient expression of the OsPIN1aGFP protein showed that the protein was mainly located on the nucleus and cell membrane. Genetic transformation of japonica rice variety Zhonghua 11 was mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Molecular detection of transformed rice plants by PCR and GUS staining showed that the target construct was integrated into the genome of rice. The negative phototropism curvature of the transformed rice root were higher than that of the wild type as well as the expression level of OsPIN1a  in transformed plants, indicating that OsPIN1a probably played an important role in negative phototropism curvature of rice root.

Select

Detecting Marker Genotypes with Elite Combining Ability for Yield Traits in Parents of Hybrid japonica Rice LIU Erbao1, LIU Yang1, LIU Xiaoli1, LIU Qiangming1, ZHAO Kaiming1,2, EDZESI Wisdom Mawuli1, HONG Delin1,* 2013, 27(5): 473-481.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.05.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (486KB) ( )   The key factor to speeding up hybrid development is to enhance competitive heterosis in japonica rice,which depends on improving the combining ability for yield traits of the restorers. In order to improve combining ability of restorer lines more efficiently, SSR marker genotypes with elite combining ability for 12 traits were detected. The combining ability was analyzed and SSR markers were genotyped in 11 MS lines and 9 restorer lines using 152 pairs of SSR primers. Combining ability of the 20 parental lines was analyzed for heading date, plant height, panicle number per plant, panicle length, number of spikelets per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, seed setting rate, grain length, grain width, grain thickness, 1000grain weight and daily yield per unit area using the data of 99 F1s made with NCII genetic design. Results showed that 1004S was the best MS line, and LR5, Yanhui R50, LC64 were superior restorer lines comprehensively. A total of 112 SSR marker genotypes were significantly associated with combining ability of the 12 traits. Among them, 30 were for one trait, 14 were for two traits, 6 were for three traits, 3 were for four traits and 3 were for five traits. RM215170/180 was associated with seven traits. Marker genotype, RM2439150/170, was associated with combining ability of daily yield per unit area, which increased 32.6% of F1 grain yield.

Select

QTL Analysis of Rice Grain Shape Traits by Using Recombinant Inbred Lines from Super Hybrid Rice Xieyou 9308  in  Multienvironments YANG Zhanlie1,2， DAI Gaoxing3， ZHAI Rongrong1， LIN Zechuan1， WANG Huimin4， CAO Liyong1，*, CHENG Shihua1,* 2013, 27(5): 482-490.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.05.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (2043KB) ( )   The QTLs for some grain characters including grain length (GL), grain width (GW), grain thickness (GT), grain volume (GV), grain length to width ratio (GLWR) were analyzed with Xieyou 9308derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) population as material by using  its molecular genetic linkage map across three environments. A total of 26 QTLs were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12. Among the QTLs detected, 4 QTLs for GL explained 3.98%-54.58% of the phenotypic variation; 4 QTLs for GW explained 6.98%-9.88% of the phenotypic variation; 8 QTLs for GT explained 4.91%-11.92% of the phenotypic variation; 5 QTLs for GV explained 5.07%-22.35% of the phenotypic variation; 5 QTLs for GLWR explained 5.17%-47.81% of the phenotypic variation. Six QTLs could be detected  in  two or more environments. qGL3.1, qGW3.2 , qGV3.1, qGLWR3.1  could be detected across three environments, suggesting that these  QTLs were less affected by the environment and were stably expressed  in  multienvironments. QTLs for GL, GT, GV and GLWR could be detected in the interval RM6283-RM7370 on chromosome 3, suggesting that the genetic effects of QTLs for related traits existed pleiotropic effects. A total of 5 QTL pairs with additive × additive epistatic effects for 3 traits (GW, GT, GV) were detected, explaining 108%-3.00% of phenotypic variation. Combined detection showed that additive ×environment interaction effect of the QTLs for grain shape traits was detected, but all of those effects were so small and explained small phenotypic variation，suggesting that rice grain shape traits were geneticly stable.

Select

The Ameliorative Role of Manganese on Ferrous Toxicity in Rice Plants BAI Honghong1, 2, #, ZHANG Linping1，#, WANG Zimin3, WANG Xingchun2, SHAO Guosheng1，* 2013, 27(5): 491-502.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.05.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (2607KB) ( )   Two indica  rice genotypes, Milyang 46 and Zhenshan 97B were used as materials to study the rice growth and their Fe，Mn，Zn，P，K concentrations in plants under combined treatments with varied concentrations of Fe2+ and Mn2+. The results showed that the plant height，root length，dry weight of shoots and roots of both rice genotypes were significantly affected by Fe and Mn treatments. With increasing  levels of Fe2+, the plant height and root length of Zhenshan 97B and Milyang 46 were significantly reduced, indicating that both rice genotypes severely sufferred from ferrous stress. However, the plant height of both rice genotypes were markedly increased with the increasing Mn concentration（0，0.5 and 25 mg/kg）, while the root length was not affected; the  Mn level  of 100 mg/kg inhibited both rice genotypes′plant height. In the same ferrous treatment, compared with 0.5, 25 and 100 mg/kg Mn levels  significantly improved the dry weight of the two rice plants (shoots and roots), especially under ferrous stress (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg), implying that the growth of rice suffered from iron stress could be alleviated by application of Mn. The present experimental results coud not explain the phenomenon that the dry weight of the  two rice shoots and roots was significantly lower at 0.5mg/kg Mn level  than that at 0 mg/kg Mn level. The results also showed that Fe2+ and Mn2+ treatment could significantly affect Fe and Mn concentration in root iron plaque and plants(roots and shoots), as well as the concentration of P、K and Zn. Under the same level of ferrous stress(50，100mg/Kg), iron concentration decreased in iron plaque, while increased in roots and shoots with varied Mn levels. Under 200 mg/kg iron treatment, the concentration of Fe in iron plaque and plants  decreased with the increasing Mn concentration (0.5，25，100 mg/kg),   which   likely  indicates  a direct mechanism by which Mn could alleviate ferrous toxicity in rice plants. The concentration of Mn in iron plaque and plant remarkably reduced with varied Fe2+ levels, while significantly increased with varied Mn levels. The increased manganese concentration in solution significantly improved ferrousstressinduced Mn deficiency. Mn could alleviate ferrous stress.

Select

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Grain Filling Characteristics and Rice Quality of Superior and Inferior Grains in Super japonica Rice Xindao 18 YIN Chunyuan, WANG Shuyu, LIU Hemei, XUE Yingzheng, ZHANG Xu, WANG Hele, SUN Jianquan, HU Xiuming, LI Xijun 2013, 27(5): 503-510.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.05.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (767KB) ( )   In order to explicit the characteristics of superior and inferior grain filling, and its relationship with rice quality of super  japonica rice  Xindao 18, a field experiment with 7 and 6 N fertilizer application levels was carried out in 2011 and 2012, respectively,on the farm of Xinxiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Province, China. The grain filling rate, rice quality and yield were determined and the relationship between grain filling rate and rice quality was analyzed. The results showed that the grain filling rate at low N level was higher than that at high N level. The max and mean grain filling rate of superior grains was 39.51% and 20.34% higher  than that of inferior grains, respectively. The max grain filling rate under 255.0 kg/hm2N level in superior grains was 1.14  mg/(grain·d), 40.83% higher than that of inferior grains. The mean grain filling rate under zero N level in superior grains was 0.74  mg/(grain·d), 2850% higher than that of inferior grains. The grain weight  at  active grain filling stage of superior grains was higher than that of inferior grains with that  under  zero N level being  the highest. The correlation analysis indicated that superior and inferior grain weight and their grain filling rate was highly positively correlated at priormiddle grain filling stage. The relationship between grain plumpness of inferior grains at mature stage and its grain filling rate was  extremely positively significant,  while that  of superior grains was not notable. At early grain filling stage,  superior and inferior grain filling rate and rice processing quality  were negatively correlated with significant correlation at P=0.05 or P=001 levels in inferior grains.  At late grain filling stage,   superior grain filling rate and rice appearance quality were  significantly  negatively  correlated. At fastigium grain filling stage(24 d after anthesis), grain filling rate was  positively correlated with rice processing quality, and negatively with rice appearance quality, but not significantly. It was illustrated that rice quality was improved   when the inferior grain filling rate was increased at early grain filling stage, and the superior and inferior grain filling rate were  enhanced at fastigium and late grain filling stages.

Select

Effects of Different Cultivation Methods on Accumulation and Transformation of Assimilation Products and Lodging Resistance of Stemsheaths of Notillage Rice YANG Zhiyuan1,2, SUN Yongjian1,2, XU Hui1, QIN Jian1,2, JIA Xianwen1, MA Jun1,2,* 2013, 27(5): 511-519.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.05.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (478KB) ( )   The effects of different cultivation methods on accumulation and transformation of assimilation products and lodging resistance of stemsheaths of notillage (NT) rice were  investigated with hybrid rice Ⅱ you 498 as material. At the same time, the relationship between transformation of assimilation products and lodging resistance of stemsheaths was also studied. The results showed that there was no significant difference between NT rice and plowingtillage (PT) rice in accumulation and transformation of assimilation products before heading, but photosynthetic productivity after heading of NT rice was much smaller than that of PT rice, resulting in   significantly smaller grain yield of NT rice than that of PT rice. Under PT, triangleplanted system of rice intensification (TSRI) not only gained the highest grain yield but also maintained a small lodging index (LI) of the fifth internode from top. In NT, the interaction between wide and narrow row cultivation (WNR) and NT not only boosted dry matter accumulation after heading to increase grain yield effectively but also reduced  the lodging risk at the bottom of the plant largely, which made  WNR the optimal  cultivation method among the four in NT. In this research, rice plants got flattened most easily at the 5th internode (N5) from top, while among a list of physical characters of stemsheaths, only internodes length of N5 and flat ratio of N4, closely related to LI, could be affected by cultivation measures, thus lessening the internode length of N5 and flat ratio of N4 was just the orientation to enhance  lodging resistance. In both PT and NT, there were significant negative correlations between LI of  N5 and dry matter accumulation after heading, and an increasing grain yield would not push rice plants fall down significantly, on the contrast, an increasing grain yield would help to reduce the risk of  plant lodging from the bottom in PT.

Select

Effects of the Organic Fertilizers Made from Maize Straw on Grain Yield of Rice and Emission of Greenhouse Gases from Paddy Fields MA Yihu, GU Daojian, LIU Lijun, WANG Zhiqin, ZHANG Hao, YANG Jianchang* 2013, 27(5): 520-528.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.05.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (1160KB) ( )   A japonica rice cultivar Yangjing 4038 was used and four kinds of organic fertilizers including maize straw (MS), compost made from maize straw (MC), maize residue of methanegenerating (MR), and black carbon made from maize straw (BC) were applied to the paddy field before rice transplanting, with no organic fertilizer application as control (CK). Effects of each organic fertilizer on rice grain yield and emissions of greenhouse gases from paddy field were investigated under both no nitrogen (N) application (0N) and sitespecific N management (SSNM). The results showed that, under either 0N or SSNM, application of MS, MC, or MR significantly increased grain yield when compared with CK. The MS treatment showed the highest grain yield and agronomic N use efficiency (kg/kg) among the all organic fertilizer treatments. There was no significant difference in grain yield between the BC and CK. The emission of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), or nitrous oxide (N2O) from the field exhibited a similar trend during the whole rice growing season under all the organic fertilizer treatments. Application of each organic fertilizer significantly increased the emission of each greenhouse gas and global warming potential (GWP) except the N2O emission which was not increased under the BC treatment, relative to that under CK. Under the same organic fertilizer treatment, SSNM increased emissions of all the greenhouse gases and GWP, whereas decreased GWP per unit grain yield (amount of GWP/grain yield), when compared with 0N. The results indicate that application of organic fertilizers, such as MS, MC, and MR, could not only increase grain yield, but also enhance emissions of greenhouse gases from the paddy field. Both higher grain yield and higher environmental efficiency would be achieved by the adoption of SSNM and the application of MR fertilizer.

Experimental Techniques

Select

Detection of Wxmq Gene for Lowamylose Content by Tetraprimer  Amplification Refractory Mutation System PCR in Rice CHEN Tao， LUO Mingrui， ZHANG Yadong， ZHU Zhen， ZHAO Ling， ZHAO Qingyong， ZHOU Lihui， YAO Shu， YU Xin， WANG Cailin* 2013, 27(5): 529-534.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.05.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (2469KB) ( )   To improve the efficiency of selection for Wxmq gene in breeding, we designed specific primers by tetraprimer Amplification Refractory Mutation System PCR (ARMSPCR) method, according to the single nucleotide mutation in Wxmq gene to analyze 12 rice varieties (or lines) and the F2 segregation population derived from the cross of lowamylose content variety Kanto 194 (with Wxmq gene) and normal variety Wuyujing 3(without Wxmq gene). The results of PCR detection indicated that three genotypes including the homozygous genotype with Wxmq, the homozygous genotype without Wxmq and the heterozygous genotype could be clearly distinguished according to band types, and it was completely consistent with the result of phenotypic analysis. Therefore, as a simple and lowcost technique，the tetraprimer ARMSPCR could be widely used to identify rice resources with Wxmq gene and applied in molecular markerassisted breeding.

Select

A Technique for Rearing Chilo suppressalis in the Large Scale with an Oligidic Diet in Laboratory HU Yang1， ZHENG Yongli2, CAO Guolian1, FU Qiang1,* 2013, 27(5): 535-538.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.05.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (371KB) ( )   A new rearing system was  adopted  to  efficiently rear Chilo suppressalis in  the large scale. A new artificial diet was provided and two new equipments (the larvae growing box and the pupation ring) were also used for this system. The developmental period from neonate to pupation, the weights of female and male pupae of the 3rd generation in laboratory were compared to other reports. Results showed that the developmental period from neonate to pupation reared by our system is better than other artificial diets. Both female and male pupae reared by our system is also heavier than most of other artificial diets, but little lighter than some fresh materials such as wateroats, sweat corn. The pupation rate from the matured eggs to the pupal stage is about 40%, which means we can collect 80 pupae from each larval box. Based on our primary estimation, it takes 30 h/person to harvest 2400 pupae. In overall, we think this system is labor saving and economic for rearing C. suppressalis in a large scale in laboratory.

Reviews and Special Topics

Select

Molecular Mechanism of Rice Responses to Cadmium Stress E Zhiguo1, ZHANG Yuping1, WANG Lei1,2,* 2013, 27(5): 539-544.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.05.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (421KB) ( )   Cadmium is one of the most toxic heavy metals in the environment, posing a serious threat to food security and rice production. It has important practical significance to discuss accumulation of cadmium in rice and its response mechanism. Under cadmium stress, rice root growth is blocked, photosynthesis is decreased, but the resistance to cadmium greatly varies with rice varieties. Multiple QTLs associated with cadmium accumulation have been located to 7 chromosomes. Besides, various cadmium ion transporters, including P1BATPases, natural resistanceassociated macrophage proteins, cation diffusion facilitators, and ATPbinding Cassettes, are cloned and proved to involve in cadmium  resistance. It’s very important for breeding cadmium tolerant varieties to utilize the resistance genes.

Select

Methodology of Genetic Diversity Research on Rice Blast  Pathogen Magnaporthe grisea MU Huimin1,2, JIANG Hua1, WANG Yanli1, SUN Guochang1,* 2013, 27(5): 545-552.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.05.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (738KB) ( )   The genetic structures of the Magnaporthe grisea are changed frequently, resulting in variation of the fungus population in the field which creates lots of challenges on disease control using resistant cultivars. Therefore, understanding the genetic structure variation of rice blast pathogen population in the field and realtime monitoring the dynamic changes are of great significance to control of this disease. Commonly, the methods used on research of the genetic diversity are Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Sequenced Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR), Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR), repetitive elementbased Polymerase Chain Reaction (repPCR), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), RetrotransposonMicrosatellite Amplified Polymorphism (REMAP). This article reviewed the experimental procedures and the advantages and disadvantages of these molecular methods briefly. The research examples using these different methods were also discussed.

Short Communications

Select

Correlation Between Rice Stripe   Resistance and indicajaponica Differentiation FAN Fangjun, YANG Jie*, WANG Jun, ZHU Jinyan, LI Wenqi, ZHONG Weigong 2013, 27(5): 553-558.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.04.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (565KB) ( )   The correlation between resistance to Rice stripe virus（RSV） and indicajaponica differentiation of 119 rice landrace varieties was analyzed by using indicajaponica differentiation indexes based on the InDel molecular markers analysis. Fortyeight varieties classified into indica type are resistant to RSV, and 7 indica landraces and 1 indicaclinous landrace are also resistant to RSV; however，two intermediate landraces are susceptible to RSV. In addition, fiftynine typical japonica landraces are susceptible to RSV. The statistical analysis indicated there existed significantly negative correlation between estimated indica gene frequency and the RSV disease incidence. These results show  that the landraces harboring more indica gene are more resistant to RSV disease and typical japonica landraces all show susceptibility to RSV. Therefore, it was speculated that the RSV resistance gene originated from indica varieties.