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10 July 2013, Volume 27 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Research Papers

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Transformation of γthionin Gene  RsAFP1 into Rice and Preliminary Idenfication of Its Blast Resistance LI Haiqing1,2,#, LI Zhen1,#, WANG Yingying1, LIU Xu1, WANG Qingguo1, YAO Fangyin1, LIU Wei1,2,* 2013, 27(4): 335-343.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.04.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (7476KB) ( )   A γthionin protein gene termed RsAFP1 isolated from the radish by PCR was introduced into the modified binary vector pCAMBIA1300. Six positive transformants were obtained by agrobacteriummediated transformation to rice callus. Further, the in vitro bacterial inhibition test and indoor rice blast fungus inoculation to rice seedling were conducted.In combination with the natural incidence in field， the resistance of transgenic lines were comprehensive evaluated. The results showed that introduction of RsAFP1 gene could improve rice blast resistance.

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QTL Mapping for Yield Related Components in A RIL Population of Rice ZHAO Jianguo2， JIANG Kaifeng1，YANG Li1，YANG Qianhua1 ，WAN Xianqi1，CAO Yingjiang1，YOU Shumei1，LUO Jing1， ZHANG Tao1,*， ZHENG Jiakui1,* 2013, 27(4): 344-352.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.04.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (1229KB) ( )   A genetic linkage map consisting 207 DNA markers, was constructed based on a recombinant inbred line(RIL) population derived from a cross between indica Luhui 99 and japonica Nipponbare. The markers in the linkage map distributed on all the 12 rice chromosomes and covered 2397 cM of the genome with the average distance between the markers being 12.29 cM. In 2011, the parents and 188 RILs were grown in the experimental field at Luzhou and Deyang experimental farm of the Institute of Rice and Sorghum, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The statistic software of QTL Network 2.0 was applied to detect QTL, QTL×QTL epstatic effects and QTL×environment(QE)interaction for seven traits, including number of panicles per plant,  number of spikelet per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, seed setting rate,  1000grain weight,  grain yield per plant, plant height. A total of 22 QTLs with significant additive effects covering all chromosomes except chromosomes 6, 11 and 12 and two QTL with significant QE interactions were detected. Seven pairs of QTLs showing significant additive ×additive epistatic effects were detected except three traits including number of spikelet per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle,  and seed setting rate. Genetic contributions were generally low for QTL showing epistatic effects. No significant interaction between epistatic QTL and environment was detected.

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Expression Level of  DDF1 Affects Vegetative Growth and Reproductive Development in Rice DIAO Zhijuan1,3, LI Shengping1, DUAN Yuanlin1,2,*, ZHENG Leilei1, ZHOU Yuanchang1,2, WU Weiren1,2,* 2013, 27(4): 353-358.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.04.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (2179KB) ( )   DDF1 (Dwarf and Deformed Flower 1) is a very important gene regulating the growth and development in rice. In order to further analyze the influence of DDF1 on plant growth and development, we constructed the plasmids of inhibition and enhancement of DDF1expression, and introduced them into rice variety Zhonghua 15. The transgenic plants with reduced DDF1expression showed phenotypes similar to those of the lossoffunction mutant ddf11,including dwarf, narrower and smaller leaves, homeotic transformation of lodicules into glumes, and sterile and deformed stamens and normal carpels in spikelets. Whereas, the transgenic plants with enhanced DDF1expression showed normal vegetative growth but abnormal development in most spikelets, in particular the significantly increased numbers of glumes and stamens. Therefore, by regulating the expression level of DDF1 gene, the plant stature and fertility of rice can be obviously affected.

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Identification and Gene Mapping of a Thermosensitive Leafcolor Mutant at Seedling Stage in Rice JIANG Shaohua1, ZHOU Hua1， LIN Dongzhi1 ,*, DONG Yanjun1, *, YE Shenghai2, ZHANG Xiaoming2 2013, 27(4): 359-364.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.04.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (1102KB) ( )   A thermosensitive leafcolor mutant, tsl11, was selected from the progeny of the japonica  rice variety Jiahua 1 by 60Co γradiation. Compared with the wildtype parent Jiahua 1 at 20℃, the mutant was characterized yellowseedling，decreased contents of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and carotenoid by 94.6%, 88.2% and 91.5%,respectively.Simultaneously, the result of electron microscopic observation revealed that the structure of chloroplasts in the tsl11 was imperfect seriously. However,the mutant was similar to wild type at high temperatures(32℃).These results indicated that the mutant was obviously thermosensitive. Genetic analysis showed that the mutant trait was controlled by a single nuclear recessive gene, tentatively designated as tsl11.  Moreover, the mapping population of 4928 F2 mutant individuals derived from Pei’ai 64S/tsl11 were constructed, then using SSR and InDel markers, the tsl11 gene was finally mapped to a region of 147 kb between ID14506 and ID14653 on chromosome 11.

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Improvement of Rice Bacterial Blight Resistance of Hybrid Rice Jinyou 207 by Molecular Markerassisted Selection YAN Chengye, LIU Yan, MOU Tongmin* 2013, 27(4): 365-372.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.04.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (1073KB) ( )   Two bacterial blight resistant varieties, Huahui 20 carrying Xa7 and Xa21 and CBB23 carrying Xa23 as donor parents were crossed with the male parent of hybrid rice Jinyou 207 as receptor parent. Nine bred lines carrying Xa7, Xa21, Xa23,  Xa7 + Xa21, Xa7 + Xa23, respectively, under the genetic background of Xianhui 207 were selected by backcrossing, multicrossing and molecular markerassisted selection and pyramiding. Seven strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, PXO61, PXO99, ZHE173, GD1358, FuJ, YN24 and HeN11 were inoculated to the nine bred lines and their hybrid combinations with Jin 23A as female parent for identifying the bacterial blight resistances. The results showed that bred lines and hybrid combinations carrying Xa7 gene were resistant to five Xoo strains, PXO61, ZHE173, GD1358, YN24 and FuJ. The bred line and their hybrid combination carrying Xa21 gene were resistant to six Xoo strains, PXO61, PXO99, ZHE173, GD1358, YN24 and FuJ. The bred lines and their hybrid combinations carrying Xa23, Xa7 + Xa21,  Xa7 + Xa23 genes were resistant to all of the seven Xoo strains. The results  showed that yield trials, main agronomic traits and rice quality of the two combinations, Jin 23A/CY100122 (carrying Xa7, resistance to five Xoo strains) and Jin 23A/CY100047 (carrying Xa7 and Xa21, resistant to seven Xoo strains) were similar to Jinyou 207. It can be concluded that these two combinations could replace Jinyou 207 for rice production of secondcropping in the Yangtze River Valley, which can increase the resistance level to bacterial blight.

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Mining Elite Alleles of Panicle Angle Trait in  japonica  Rice NIU Fuan1,2, CHEN Lan1, ZHANG Hong1, YUAN Qin2, CHENG Can2, ZHOU Jihua2, HONG Delin1,* 2013, 27(4): 373-380.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.04.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (2931KB) ( )   In order to mine elite alleles of panicle angle trait and their carrier varieties in  japonica  rice, association analysis  between SSR loci and panicle angle trait was performed by using genotyping data of 151 SSR markers on a natural population composed of 95 japonica varieties (58 landraces and 37 cultivars) with the general linear model in software of TASSEL. Linkage disequilibrium and population structure were firstly analyzed for the population.Linkage disequilibrium at different levels was detected not only among syntenic markers but also among nonsyntenic ones. The cultivar population had a higher level of linkage disequilibrium than that of the landrace population. Genetic structure analysis showed that the natural population was composed of 6 subpopulations. Fifteen SSR loci associated with the trait were detected and located on 10 chromosomes except chromosomes 4 and 7. The markers RM7598, RM3700, RM311 and RM1125 each could explain more than 10% of phenotypic variation. Twentythree elite alleles and their typical carrier materials were further screened out. Of the seven typical carrier materials, Xiushui 04 and Xiushui 79 carried more elite alleles.

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Characterization of Cold Tolerance  and Identification of Cold Tolerance QTLs for Rice Single Segment Substitution Lines at Plumule  and Seedling Stages ZHOU Yong1，2 , ZHU Xiaobo１， YUAN Hua1， ZHENG Ying2， QIN Peng１， WEI Yinghai1，2， WANG Yuping1， HUANG Shijun2， LI Shigui1，* 2013, 27(4): 381-388.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.04.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (2018KB) ( )   The cold tolerance at plumule  stage (CTP) and seedling stage (CTS) were respectively evaluated at 4℃ and 13℃/7℃ (day/night) using a set of single segment substitution lines (SSSLs) derived from indica recipient (9311) and japonica donor (Nipponbare). The survival seedling rate and the normal leaf rate (NLR) were used as the estimation index for CTP and CTS, respectively. The results showed that the CTP and CTS of Nipponbare were extremely stronger than those of  9311, and the difference of CTP and CTS were extremely significant among SSSLs. The SSSLs (X724, X732 and X733) with strong CTP and CTS mostly kept the agronomic traits of 9311. The General Combing Ability (GCA) of these three SSSLs, such as yield GCA, were much better than  that of 9311. A total of 18 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for CTP, 5 QTLs for CTS were identified among 20 introgression segments distributed on 12 chromosomes. Among these QTLs, the CTP QTLs (qCTP9, qCTP11.2  and qCTP12.1), and the CTS QTLs (qCTS1.1 and qCTS1.2) showed more additive effect, and the corresponding SSSLs of those QTLs displayed stronger CTP and CTS, respectively.

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QTL Analysis for Heading Date by Using Recombinant Inbred Lines Derived from Earlyseason indica Rice Across Multienvironments HE Yunli, YE Naizhong, HAO Ming, LUO Lihua, XIAO Yinghui* 2013, 27(4): 389-397.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.04.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (4459KB) ( )   Two hundred and eightysix recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from a cross between two earlyseason rice varieties, 996 and 4628, were used to map QTLs controlling heading date from 2009 to 2012. Seven QTLs controlling heading date, namely qHD1.1,  qHD1.2, qHD2, qHD3, qHD7.1, qHD7.2 and  qHD10, were detected on chromosome 1, 2, 3, 7 and 10, respectively. All the QTLs except  qHD1.1 and qHD1.2 could be detected at least in two split sowing treatments. Among them, qHD3, qHD7.1  and  qHD7.2 could be detected in all twelve split sowing treatments. Four QTLs, including qHD1.1,  qHD1.2, qHD3 and qHD10  with positive additive effects derived from the 996 alleles, delayed the heading date. However, qHD7.1 and qHD7.2, explaining 19.00%-5484% and 1831%-57.87% of the total phenotypic variation for heading date, and shortening  the heading date by 1.9-3.7 d and 1.9-3.8 days, respectively, could be useful for molecular markeraided breeding of doublecropping earlyseason rice cultivars in Southern China.

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Relation Between Root Traits and Growth Duration in  japonica  Rice Cultivars DONG Guichun, CHEN Chen, WANG Yi, ZHONG Jun, YUAN Qiumei, YANG Bing, YU Xiaofeng, LI Jinqian, TIAN Hao, ZHANG Yan, JIANG Yaming, MENG Lingxiang, WANG Yulong* 2013, 27(4): 398-404.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.04.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (490KB) ( )   To investigate the relation between root traits and growth duration in japonica rice cultivars, a total of 94 conventional japonica rice varieties were solutioncultured in 2008 and 2009, respectively, and growth duration (GD), dry matter weight of different part in rice plant, and root related traits were measured for each cultivar. Based on GD, the rice varieties were clustered, by MinSSw method, into six types (namely A, B, C, D, E, and F in the alignment from low to high). Then the differences of root related traits for various types were analyzed. Results showed that with prolonging GD, no significant change in the numbers of adventitious roots was observed, while root dry weight, total length of adventitious roots per plant and the maximum root length increased or significantly increased. In general, total/active root absorption area and root activity per plant increased or increased at first then decreased with the elongation of GD. Similar but yearrelated trend was observed in root traits on panicle basis. The cultivars with longer GD had the medium numbers of adventitious roots, higher root dry weight, longer total/maximum length of adventitious roots, higher root total/active absorption area and higher or medium root activity, calculated on both of plant and panicle basis. Except for number of adventitious roots, the tested traits on the basis of plant or panicle differed significantly  among cultivars. The length and weight of single adventitious root were significantly affected by GD, while the single root diameter was not affected by GD. The japonica rice varieties with longer GD had obvious advantages on the most of root traits per plant, due to the improvement of root traits including root length and root dry weight on a basis of panicle or single adventitious root.

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Discrepancy and Its Physiological Mechanism of   Population Self Regulatory Ability for   Late Rice Varieties   Under  Treatment of Dynamic  Thinning of Seedlings During Tillering Stage CHEN Xiaorong*, XIAO Zijing, SUN Jia, ZHONG Lei, ZHU Changlan, PENG Xiaosong, HE Xiaopeng, FU Junru, OUYANG Linjuan, HE Haohua 2013, 27(4): 405-412.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.04.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (858KB) ( )   In order to reveal the discrepancy of the population self regulatory ability for the doubleseason late rice varieties with different yields   and its physiological mechanism of thinning of seedlings  in early growth stage, yield and its  components, dry matter weight (DMW), special leaf area (SLA), leaf area index (LAI) and endogenous hormones contents  in reciprocal second leaf were investigated with Wufengyou T025 and Changyou 10 as material under the treatment of successive thinning of seedlings  during tillering stage. The results showed that yield per unit area of the two varieties declined to various extents under the treatment of successive thinning of seedlings, while  yield per plant, effective panicle number  per plant, grains per panicle, seedsetting rate and 1000grain weight all increased to various extent. Yield per unit area of Wufengyou T025 was higher than that of  Changyou 10 under the same density, while its variation coefficient and range rate were lower than the latter,   demonstrating  stronger population selfregulatory ability of Wufengyou T025. Comparing to the  control, the incremental extent of the mean value for the yield per plant of Wufengyou T025 under  successive thinning of seedlings  were   higher than Changyou 10,  moreover, its  range rate was greater, indicating its stronger  individual compensatory ability for the population, which  was mainly attributed to its more clearly superiority in   the effective panicle number  per plant. The ability  of  offsetting the decrease of effective panicle number  per unit area and population dry matter accumulation per unit area by increasing tillers per plant, dry matter accumulation per plant, as well as reducing the decrease rate of LAI and SLW from heading to maturing for Wufengyou T025 was stronger than that for  Changyou 10.  Successive thinning of seedlings  would slow up the rise of growth inhibited hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and the drop speed of growth promoted hormones zeatin riboside (ZR), indole3acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin A3 (GA3) after heading in the reciprocal second leaf of the two varieties, while  the  ability of the Wufengyou T025 was stronger than that of  Changyou 10 as a whole.

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Differences in Characteristics of CH4 Emission Between Superrice Variety Ningjing 1 and Traditional japonica Variety WANG Lili1, YAN Xiaojun1, JIANG Yu1, TIAN Yunlu3, DENG Aixing2 , ZHANG Weijian1,2，* 2013, 27(4): 413-418.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.04.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (888KB) ( )   A pot experiment was conducted with one superrice variety  Ningjing 1 and a traditional japonica rice variety  Zhendao 11  as material to study the differences in plant productivity and CH4 emission. Our results indicated that although there were no significant differences in geqhground biomass and the characteristics of CH4 fluxes between the two varieties, the total CH4 emission and average CH4 content of Ningjing 1 in soil solution were 35.22% (P < 005) and 41.31% (P < 0.01) lower in the field than those of Zhendao 11, respectively. The main differences in the amounts of CH4 emissions mainly occurred during the middle ricegrowing stage, while there were no significant differences in CH4 emission between the varieties during the early and late stages. After analyzing the differences in the growth characteristics such as plant productivity, plant height, leaf area and root growth between the varieties, it was found that the stronger root system was the main contributor to the lower CH4 emission of Ningjing 1  as comparison with Zhendao 11. Meanwhile, with a higher yield,Ningjing 1 also showed a lower CH4 emission at both biomass and yield scales, which were respectively 42.42% and 81.38% (P<0.05) lower compared to those of Zhendao 11. The above results indicated that  enhancing  rice productivity may not simultaneously promote CH4 emission, therefore, it is possible to get a rice variety with higher yield and lower CH4 emission through rice genetic improvement. The promotion of superrice variety application of Ningjing 1 may help to ensure food security and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

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Susceptibility to Insecticides and Ecological Fitness on Resistant Rice Varieties of  Population of Nilaparvata lugens Stl (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) without Exposure to Insecticide in Laboratory DONG Biqin1,2, YANG Yajun2,*, XU Hongxing2, ZHENG Xusong2, K L HEONG3, LV Zhongxian2,* 2013, 27(4): 419-424.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.04.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (416KB) ( )   Rice brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) population collected from rice filed in Hangzhou was successively reared on susceptible rice TN1 in the laboratory  without exposure to insecticides for more than 14 generations, and its susceptibility change to insecticides and ecological fitness on different resistant rice varieties were monitored by generations. The resistance to imidacloprid was sharply declined with increasing generations  without exposure to insecticides from 359.94fold at F1 to 6.50fold at F14 compared with susceptible strain, and the resistance to chlorpyrifos was from 9.90fold at F1 to 5.94fold at F14. Nymphal duration, weight of newly hatched female adult was significantly affected by rice variety, generation and their interaction, meanwhile the nymphal survival was significantly affected by generations only. The ratio of brachypterous adults in male was affected by generations and generation × variety interaction, while no difference was found in female. Nymphal duration was prolonged with increasing generations, and female nymphal duration was shorter on susceptible variety TN1 than that on resistant varieties IR26 or IR36，meanwhile female adult weight on TN1 was higher than that on IR26 and IR36. These results indicated that resistance of field BPH population to insecticide was reversed after several generations  without exposure to insecticide, and its ecological fitness on TN1 was better than that on IR26 and IR36. It implies an important role in BPH management by rational and reductive use of insecticides coordinating with manipulation of resistant rice cultivars.

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Comparison on Genome Sequence of Magnaporthe oryzae in Different  Assembly Databases MAO Xueqin, JIANG Hua, WANG Yanli, ZHANG Zhen, CHAI Rongyao, WANG Jiaoyu, QIU Haiping, DU Xinfa, SUN Guochang* 2013, 27(4): 425-433.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.04.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (4634KB) ( )   To promote the scientific utilization of M. oryzae databases, the location and length of functional genes, the distribution and number of SSR loci, SSR primer’s location, and other characteristics in four M. oryzae databases and Chr7 BAC sequence database were compared. The results suggest that the length and annotated gene numbers, location of functional genes, SSR numbers of nucleotide repeats and SSR primer location in the four M. oryzae databases and Chr7 BAC sequence database differ. AvrPizt linked marker location assay shows that genome sequences in different databases have significant differences. Our results also indicate significant differences among the four M. oryzae databases and Chr7 BAC sequence database. Though the difference among different databases exerting not effect on the gene homolog clone, it affects the map based cloning of avirulence gene. In a word, researchers need to  choose which database can be used in their studies according to the purpose.

Experimental Techniques

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An Oligidic Diet for Sesamia inferens Optimized by Uniform Design and Successive Rearing DAI Changgeng1,2， LI Kailong2， WANG Lifeng1， TAN Xiansheng1， HU Yang2， YUAN Zheming1，*， FU Qiang1,2,* 2013, 27(4): 434-439.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.04.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (1190KB) ( )   An oligidic diet for larvae rearing of the pink stem borer (PSB), Sesamia inferens (Walker), was optimized by using the uniform design. The formulation of the optimized diet was as follows: agar powder 3 g, soybean powder 8 g, water bamboo powder 11 g, yeast powder 16 g, sucrose 6 g, rice powder 3 g, corn powder 11 g, wheat germ powder 5 g, casein 7 g, vitamin C 0.8 g, sorbic acid 0.64 g, aureomycin 0.54 g, cholesterol 0.04 g, Wesson’s salt 15 g, and distilled water 200 g. PSB had been reared on the diet for more than ten successive genenrations, much more than that previously reported. The rate of the 1st instar PSB larvae that developed to pupae on the optimized diet reached 87.5%, significantly higher than that on  the benchmark diet. As for the ten generations’ succesive rearing, the average of pupation rate, emergence rate, egg hatching rate and fecundity of PSB on the optimized diet was 42.5%-87.5%, 79.7%-95.8%, 90.0%-94.9% and 95-252 eggs per female, respectively. There was no significant difference between the 10th genenation and the 1st of PSB reared on the diet, except the significantly longer male larval stage.

Short Communications

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Effects of Nitrogen Management on Growth and Grain Yield of Rice under Drip Irrigation with Plastic Film Mulching ZHU Qichao, WEI Changzhou*, LI Meining, ZHU Jinlong, WU Cheng, WANG Jia 2013, 27(4): 440-446.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2013.04.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (591KB) ( )   Effects of Nappliation rates and fertilization strategies on dry matter accumulation dynamics and grain yield components     under drip irrigation  were studied with T04 as material with plastic film mulching. Four N application rates (0, 200, 270, 340 kg/hm2) and 3 Napplication strategies (basal∶tillering∶spikeletpromoting∶spikeletprotecting fertilizer =15∶30∶40∶15, 25∶40∶30∶5, 40∶15∶35∶10) were  designed. The results indicated that Napplication rates significantly improved the dry matter accumulation and grain yield,  with N application of 270 kg/hm2 showing the maximum dry matter accumulation and the highest grain yields (9657.7 kg/hm2) at  the  four N application levels. N application rates significantly affected  number of tillers, number of effective panicles, productive tiller ratio, grain number  per panicle, filled grain number and grain weight. N fertilization strategy particularly significantly affected  effective  panicle  number and productive tiller ratio. The strategy that N split at basal∶tillering∶spikeletpromoting∶spikeletprotecting fertilizer by 15∶30∶40∶15 harvested the highest yield in the three strategies, indicating  that N application  at late growth  stage  can increase rice effective  panicle number, productive tiller ratio  and grain yield subsequently. All above suggested that N rate at 270 kg/hm2 and split by basal∶tillering∶spikeletpromoting∶spikeletprotecting at 15∶30∶40∶15 was a sound solution for rice cultivation under drip irrigation with plastic film mulching.