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10 September 2009, Volume 23 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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综述与专论
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综述与专论

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Research Progress on Function Analysis of Rice WRKY Genes SONG Yu ,JING Shaojuan ,YU Di-qiu  2009, 23(5): 447-455 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2009.05.01 Abstract ( )   PDF (415KB) ( )   WRKY DNA binding transcription factors play pivotal roles in the regulation of plant development, substance metabolism, resistance, and senescence. Based on the clear genome of rice, studies on WRKY gene function are dramatically enhanced nowadays. And several evidences implicate WRKY factors in transcriptional reprogramming during rice resistance response, senescence process, sugar metabolism, and plant architecture. In addition, previous nomenclature of rice WRKY proteins was confusing. Therefore it is necessary to collate the corresponding WRKY proteins and review the recent progress of WRKY protein research.

研究报告

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Developmental Proteomics Analysis of Different Functional Leaves in Rice (Oryza sativa) at the Booting Stage SHAO Cai-hong ,XIE Jin-shui ,HUANG Yong-lan ,QIU Cai-fei,ZHANG Zhen-miao,LIN Wen-xiong 2009, 23(5): 456-462 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2009.05.02 Abstract ( )   PDF (1906KB) ( )   n order to reveal proteomic changes in rice functional leaves collected from four different leaf positions, the proteins expression profile of functional leaves at the booting stage in hybrid rice Shanyou 63 were studied by using the approach of plant proteomics. Protein expression profiles of the top leaves at the 13,14,15 and 16leaf stages(the total number of leaves of Shanyou 63 was 16) were investigated by twodimensional gel electrophoresis. Differential protein expression among the four stages were analyzed by Imagemaster 2D Elite 5.0, which allowed the identification of 23 significantly different gel spots. The spots were further verified by matrixassisted laser desorption/ionizationtime of flight mass spectrometry, in which 14 were identified. The functions of these 14 proteins were analyzed and the conclusion can be drawn from the following result: the major differential expression proteins (9 proteins) were associated with photosynthesis and respiration, three differential expression proteins were related to protein formation and protein function control, and the expression abundance of those 12 proteins increased regularly with the leaf position elevation; the other proteins(2 proteins) were involved in amino acid metabolism, showing an irregularly changing pattern in lower leaf positions, and a distinctly increasing expression abundance in flag leaf. The protein is the carrier of cell function and significantly influenced by the variation of cell function or intercellular environment, therefore, the reason that caused the above protein changes should be related to the development of leaves at different leaf positions.

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Identification of a Specific Avirulence Gene from a Chinese Race C8 of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae JI Zhi-yuan,YANG Juan,WANG Yin-peng,ZHOU Dan,LI Yu-rong,ZOU Li-fang,CHEN Gong-you 2009, 23(5): 463-469 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2009.05.03 Abstract ( )   PDF (1245KB) ( )   The interaction between Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and rice follows geneforgene model. A 6.0 kb particular fragment was identified from a Chinese race C8 strain of Xoo, through screening its genomic library by Southern blot with a highly conserved EcoRⅠBamHⅠ fragment of the avrBs3/pthA family as probe. This specific DNA contained an avirulence gene, namely avr/pthC8a, which transmitted the Philippine strain PXO99A from compatible into incompatible interactions with rice Asominori carrying R gene Xa17, suggesting that avr/pthC8a is possibly corresponding for Xa17 specificity. Sequence analysis showed that avr/pthC8a, 3819 bp in size, is a avrBs3/pthA family member, and the repeat number of the 102 bp repeat unit is 20.5. The structure of the gene is almost as same as those of the avrBs3/pthA family genes at 5′ and 3′terminals. The putative protein has a lucine zipper, three nucleotide location signals and an acid transcriptional activation domain at Cterminal. The novel is that the BamHⅠ site at 3′terminal of the gene is mutagenesis from GGATCC into AGATCC, which has not been reported so far. Thus, identification of avr/pthC8a of Chinese race C8 provides a fundamental understanding of virulence differentiation among different races of Xoo and coevolution of avrBs3/pthA genes with rice.

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Fine Mapping of QTL qPH6-1 for Plant Height on the Short Arm of Rice Chromosome 6 BAO Qian-jiang,FAN Ye-yang,YU Wei-dong,CHEN Chen,FAN Fang-jun,DU Jing-hong,ZHUANG Jie-yun 2009, 23(5): 470-474 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2009.05.04 Abstract ( )   PDF (2146KB) ( )   Populations derived from residual heterozygous lines (RHLs) were used for the detection and fine mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for plant height in rice. An F2:3 population which segregates in a 7.3Mb region on the short arm of rice chromosome 6 in an isogenic background were transplanted in two trial sites in Hainan and Zhejiang Provinces, respectively. Two QTLs for plant height were detected, of which qPH61 exhibited a consistent effect across the two sites. Three plants having smaller heterozygous segments which overlap the qPH61 region were selected. Using the three F2 populations produced, qPH61 was validated and delimitated to a 96.4kb region flanked by SSR markers RM3414 and RM19417. Three more F2 populations which segregate in smaller regions covering qPH61 were developed. The qPH61 locus was delimited to a 51.7kb region flanked by STS marker Si2925 and SSR marker RM19417. It was also shown that this gene is nonallelic to all the major genes for dwarfism mapped or cloned in rice.

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QTL Mapping and Epistasis Analysis for Phytic Acid Concentration in Rice Grain by Using the Bayesian Model Selection LI Mao-bai,#,WANG Hui，#,ZHANG Jian-ming,LEE Jung-ro,YANG Run-qing,ZHOU Yu-qiong,PIAO Zhong-ze 2009, 23(5): 475-480 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2009.05.05 Abstract ( )   PDF (1834KB) ( )   Main QTL and epistasis interaction effects for phytic acid concentration in rice grain were investigated by using a F2 population consisted of 172 lines derived from the cross between an indica rice LPA(the grain phytic acid concentration was 7.11 mg/g) and a japonica rice Zhonghua 11(the phytic acid concentration was 11.92 mg/g) with the Bayesian model selection. A genetic linkage map including 126 SSR and 4 STS markers was constructed with the F2 population. Three main QTLs related to phytic acid concentration in rice grain were detected. They were located on chromosomes 3, 5, and 6, explaining 5.38%, 802%, and 462% of phenotypic variation, respectively. The three alleles for reducing the phytic aid concentration were from the parent LPA. Ten pairs of epistatic interaction were detected on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6, and 11, with the interaction effects from 169 to 518 and the percentages of phenotypic variance ranged from 867% to 2473%.

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Genetic Analysis of Main Characteristics Related to Cold Tolerance in japonica Rice from Low-Latitude Plateau and High-Latitude Plain XU Furong,TANG Cuifeng,YU Tengqiong,A Xinxiang,ZHANG Enlai,YANG Yayun,ZHANG Dunyu,DONG Chao,PENG Xinxi,DAI Luyuan* 2009, 23(5): 481-488 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2009.05.06 Abstract ( )   PDF (56KB) ( )   Six varieties including three varieties from lowlatitude plateau in Yunnan Province, China, and the other three from highlatitude plain in Japan and Korea and their 30 F1 crosses obtained by complete diallel crossing were planted under five different environments. The genetic model of additivedominancematernal effects (ADM) was applied to genetic analysis on four traits related to cold tolerance, i.e. spikelet fertility (SF), specific spikelet fertility (SSF), panicle exsertion (PE) and days to heading (DH). The results showed that SF and SSF were mainly affected by interaction effect between genotype and environment, with little maternal effect. Interaction heritability in broad sense between genotype and environment for SF and SSF were 63.5% and 56.5%, respectively, the highest compared with other effect values for heritability. Correlations between phenotype, genotype, additive and dominant effects of SF and those of SSF reached significant level with the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.717 to 1.000. Correlations between phenotype, genotype, additive and dominant effects of SF and those of PE also reached significant level with the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.161 to 0.975. The range of coefficient of variation varied with the traits, and that of PE were the maximum compared with other three traits. Hence PE was also a valuable trait in evaluation of cold tolerance. As for to PE and DH, their broadsense heritabilities were 59.6% and 81.4%, respectively, the biggest compared with other effect values for heritability. DH was mainly controlled by genetic effects, with the least influence by environmental conditions. The lowtemperature stress should be one of the essential conditions to breed varieties with cold tolerance. A cross between Ilpumbyeo and Kunmingxiaobaigu was an optimum combination for breeding new cold tolerant japonica variety at the booting stage.

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Genetic Basis of Parents of japonica Hybrid Rice in the Northern China WANG Chang-hua,ZHANG Yan-zhi,HUA Ze-tian,XU Zheng-jin,ZHENG Wen-jing,ZHAO Jia-ming,LIU Xin,WANG Hui,ZHOU Yu-heng 2009, 23(5): 489-494 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2009.05.07 Abstract ( )   PDF (1641KB) ( )   To reveal the genetic basis of parents of japonica hybrid rice in the Northern China, genetic differentiation and indica component analysis were conducted on the main parents of japonica hybrid rice and their succeeding materials by using simple sequence repeats(SSR) marker．The genomic DNAs of 96 rice materials were amplified with 26 primers, and a total of 71 alleles were detected, with 2.73 alleles per primer on average. The molecular phylogenetic tree built by UPMGA method showed that the rice materials were divided into 5 groups at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.66． Relatively great genetic differentiation was found among groups．The extent of indica component value (ADi) of the 64 restorer lines was from 0056 to 0.684, and that of 24 sterile lines was from 0.087 to 0.381. It is suggested that the extent of indica component value (ADi) of a hybrid rice combination with high heterosis should be from 0.20 to 0.40, that of its restorer line should be from 0.26 to 0.50, and that of its sterile line should be below 0.20, and the genetic distance of its parents should vary from 0.30 to 0.60. Besides, the female parent of a hybrid rice combination with high heterosis should have a high yield potential, because the yield of a hybrid rice combination was more affected by its sterile line than its restorer line.

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Cluster Analysis of Weedy Rice and Cultivated Rice Based on the Structural Characteristics of Leaf Lower Epidermis YANG Lin,DAI Wei-min,QIANG Sheng,SONG Xiao-ling* 2009, 23(5): 495-502 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2009.05.08 Abstract ( )   PDF (1141KB) ( )   The characteristics of long cells, papillae with different sizes, stomata on leafback in 33 accessions of weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) and 6 accessions of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) were observed with a light microscopy (LM). The principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were conducted using the above data. Three principal components were obtained, in which the number and diameter of the large, medium and small papillae on the long cells, stomatal density contributed most variance. The morphological features of the leaf epidermis varied significantly among the accessions. The results may be valuable for the taxonomic identification and studies on origins of weedy rice.

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Border Cells Alleviating Ferrous Toxicity in Rice Root Tips SONG Jin-min,LIU Peng,XU Gen-di,CAI Miao-zhen,ZHANG Yi,CAI Hui-shu 2009, 23(5): 503-508 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2009.05.09 Abstract ( )   PDF (4533KB) ( )   A Fe2+ tolerant rice variety （Xieyou 9308） and a Fe2+ sensitive variety (IR64) screened from 20 rice varieties were used to study the function of border cells in alleviating ferrous toxicity in rice root tips. The relative elongation rates, water content, activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and content of Fe in rice root were measured at 0 (CK) and 200 μmol/L Fe2+ for 6 h, 12 h and 24 h respectively, under static culture (to maintain border cells adhered to the root tips) and shaking culture (to remove border cells from root tips completely). The results showed that the relative elongation rates and water content of rice root were reduced by ferrous iron, especially under shaking culture. With the increase of Fe2+ treatment time, the relative elongation rates and water content of rice root declined. At the same time, POD, SOD and CAT activities decreased in 200 mg/L Fe2+ treatment except the POD activity of Xieyou 9308 under the static culture. The restraining rates of POD, SOD and CAT activities were higher in rice root under the shaking culture. The content of Fe in rice root increased heavily and had a significant difference between CK and Fe+ stress treatment group. The content of Fe in section of rice root from 0-2 mm to 8-10 mm was increased gradually under the static culture, but had no significant difference in rice root under the shaking culture except the section of 8-10 mm rice root. These results indicate that root border cells play a significant role in resistance to ferrous toxicity of rice.

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Effects of Stubble Height of the Main Crop on SourceSink Characteristics and Assimilates Transportation in Ratooning Rice YI Zhen-xie,ZHOU Wen-xin,TU Nai-mei* 2009, 23(5): 509-516 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2009.05.10 Abstract ( )   PDF (52KB) ( )   The characteristics of source, sink and flow of ratooning rice with different stubble heights of the main crop were studied with eight rice varieties as materials. According to yield of ratooning rice with different stubble heights of the main crop, the eight varieties were classified into three ratooning types, such as highstubble type (HST), lowstubble type (LST) and high/mediumstubble type (HMST). Decline of the stubble height resulted in decreased number of effective panicles and increased grain number per panicle in ratooning rice, especially for the grain number per panicle in ratooning rice of LST varieties. The leaf area index in ratooning rice of HST and HMST varieties was the highest under the high stubble treatment (40 cm), whereas that in ratooning rice of LST varieties increased with the decline of the stubble height. The leaf photosynthetic rates from full heading to 20 days after full heading in ratooning rice of HST varieties were higher under the medium (20 cm) or high (40 cm) stubble treatments, whereas the leaf photosynthetic rates at the full heading stage in ratooning rice of HMST and LST varieties were higher under the high stubble treatment and those at 10 days and 20 days after full heading were higher under the medium (20 cm) or low (10 cm) stubble treatments. The crop growth rates of ratooning rice of HST varieties were the highest under the high stubble treatment, whereas those of HMST and LST varieties were the highest under the low or medium stubble treatments. The activity of catalase in rachis branches of ratooning rice of HMST and LST varieties improved with declining stubble height, whereas a contrary trend was observed for HST ones. The transport rates of carbohydrate in stems and sheathes of ratooning rice of HST varieties were higher under the high stubble treatment, and those of LST ones were higher under the low and medium stubble treatments. These results indicate that the effect of stubble height of the main crop on characteristics of source, sink and flow of ratooning rice were closely related to ratooning types of rice varieties.

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Growth Characteristics and Yield of LateSeason Rice under Notillage and Non-Flooded Cultivation with Straw Mulching WANG Dong,LI Da-ming,LI Hui-xin,QIN Jiang-tao,HU Feng 2009, 23(5): 517-522 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2009.05.11 Abstract ( )   PDF (798KB) ( )   A longterm field experiment (started at 2003) was conducted to determine the effects of different rice cultivation methods on growth characteristics and yield of lateseason rice under doublerice cropping system in seasonal drought region of southeast China (Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province). The rice cultivation included notillage and nonflooded rice cultivation with straw mulching (NSM), notillage and nonflooded rice cultivation without straw mulching (NZM), and notillage and flooded rice cultivation (NF). The results obtained in 2007 showed that there was no significant difference in rice grain yield between NSM and NF treatments. However, the rice grain yields under NSM and NF treatments were significantly higher than that under NZM treatment, respectively. The effective panicle number and total grain number per hill of rice were significantly higher under NSM treatment than under NZM treatment. The aboveground dry matter of rice in NSM treatment was similar with that in NF treatment. Compared to NF treatment, NZM and NSM treatments significantly decreased the leaf area at the heading stage. Compared with NZM treatment, NSM treatment could significantly increase total length and number of roots at the grainfilling stage.

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Effects of Yield Components and Panicle Traits on Sink Potential in Conventional indica Rice DONG Gui-chun,LI Jin-qian,DONG Yan-ping,ZHOU Juan,TIAN Hao,YU Xiao-feng,ZHANG Chuan-sheng,ZHANG Yue-fang,WANG Yu-long 2009, 23(5): 523-528 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2009.05.12 Abstract ( )   PDF (45KB) ( )   Eightyeight and 122 conventional indica rice varieties were solutioncultured in 2001 and 2002, respectively, and tiller number dynamics, yield and its components, and panicle traits of these varieties were investigated. The tested rice varieties were classified into 6 types (i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F, A was the lowest, and F was the highest) based on their sink potential levels by the MinSSw method. Significant difference in sink potential (SP) among the varieties was found, the ratio of the maximal SP to the minimum in 2001 and 2002 were 426% and 817%, respectively. The average SP of the Ftype varieties were 18471%, 8893%, 5745%, 3432% and 1405% higher in 2001, and 30505%, 15354%, 9028%, 5124% and 21.29% higher in 2002, respectively than those of A, B, C, D, Etype varieties. With the enlarging SP, the grain yield increased significantly. Varieties belonging to large SP type had superiority in the number of panicles per unit area, number of spikelets per panicle and 1000grain weight. Varieties with larger SP showed longer panicle, higher spikelet density and higher number of primary and secondary rachis branches on panicles. The contributions of the number of spikelets and number of panicles per unit area to SP were similar, which was significantly greater than that of 1000grainweight to SP. The number of spikelets per panicle was more affected by spikelet density and panicle length than by number of secondary rachis branches per panicle and the ratio of primary rachis branch number per panicle to secondary rachis branch number per panicle.

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Plant Type and Its Effects on Canopy Structure at Heading Stage in Various Ecological Areas for a Twoline Hybrid Rice Combination, Liangyoupeijiu LU Chuan-gen,HU Ning,YAO Ke-min,XIA Shi-jian,QI Qing-ming 2009, 23(5): 529-6 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2009.05.13 Abstract ( )   PDF (2877KB) ( )   By using a twoline hybrid rice combination, Liangyoupeijiu, several factors of plant type were estimated and environmental models for such factors at the heading stage were established with the data of eight ecological experimental sites in 2006 and 2007. According to the climatic data from 1951 to 2005, differences in such factors and their effects on plant canopy were analyzed for four rice cropping areas, including South China, the middlelower reaches of the Changjiang River, Sichuan Basin, and river valley in Yunnan, China. The thickness of leaf layer(the distance from pulvinus of the third leaf from the top to the tip of flag leaf) and distribution of leaf area can be used as candidate index for plant type of a rice canopy.

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Analysis on the Causes of Recent Outbreaks of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in Nanning, China WANG Feng-ying,HU Gao,CHEN Xiao,SHEN Hui-mei,LUO Shan-yu,XIN De-yu,XU Sheng-gang,ZHANG Xiao-xi,ZHAI Bao-ping 2009, 23(5): 537-45 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2009.05.14 Abstract ( )   PDF (5180KB) ( )   The population feature and source areas of the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) on earlyseason rice in Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China were studied through systematic field survey, dissection of female ovarian, trajectory analysis, synoptic analysis and historical data analysis. The results indicated that the possible source areas of the major immigrant populations of C. medinalis in Nanning, China in 2007 were the northern parts of Vietnam, and the northern and central parts of the Laos and Thailand. The amount and date of the spring immigration in AprilMay and autumn return migration and their relationships with rainfall and rainy days between 1970-1980 and the recent years after 2000 were compared. It was found that the enormous increase of the spring immigrants of C. medinalis and earlier appearance of the autumn return immigration were the main causes for the consecutive outbreaks and serious damages after 2003. There were no relationships between the spring immigration and the autumn return migration, neither on its amount nor the date.

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Comparison on Morphology and Number of Yeastlike Symbionts in Different Host-Associated Populations of Nilaparvata lugens SUN Jia-yin,FU Qiang* ,LAI Feng-xiang,WANG Wei-xia 2009, 23(5): 546-550 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2009.05.15 Abstract ( )   PDF (2426KB) ( )   he morphology and number of yeastlike symbionts(YLS) in three hostassociated populations of Nilaparvata lugens(TN1 population, Mudgo population and ASD7 population) which had been reared on rice varieties TN1 (susceptible), Mudgo (harboring resistance gene Bph1) and ASD7 (harboring resistance gene bph2) for more than 117 generations, respectively were studied. There was significant difference in the YLS size among the three populations. ASD7 population had the longest and widest YLS, followed by TN1 population and Mudgo population. There was no significant difference in lengthwidth ratio of YLS among the three populations. As for the YLS number of N. lugens, the difference among the populations varied with sex of N. lugens. Females had no significant difference in most cases, while males had. The males of TN1 population harbored much more YLSs than those of both Mudgo and ASD7 populations. There was no significant difference between the later two populations. The amount of YLS in N. lugens males increased significantly when TN1 populations were reared on ASD7 or Mudgo for one generation. On the contrast, the amount in N. lugens males decreased significantly when ASD7 and Mudgo populations were reared on TN1. But no significant difference was found for females when their rearing rice varieties were changed from susceptible variety (TN1) to resistant ones (ASD7 or Mudgo). In addition, there was no significant change in YLS number when Mudgo population were reared on ASD7 or ASD7 population on Mudgo.

研究简报

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Microsatellite Marker Analysis on Genetic Diversity of Main Rice Varieties in Zhejiang Province, China CHENG Ben-yi,WU Wei,XIA Jun-hui,LIU Xin,YANG Shi-hua 2009, 23(5): 551-554 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (2491KB) ( )   Fortyfour conventional rice varieties and 54 hybrid rice combinations in Zhejiang Province, China were assayed with a set of 12 microsatellite markers. A total of 68 alleles and 127 fingerprints from all tested materials were detected. The values of the frequency of polymorphism ranged from 0.567 to 0.905 with an average of 0.752. The conventional rice varieties and hybrid rice combinations both had obviously genetic difference among subspecies, but had less genetic difference within subspecies. The genetic diversity of indica type was higher than that of japonica type. The average genetic similarity coefficients within conventional indica, japonica and between indica and japonica rice varieties were 0.672, 0.711 and 0.103， respectively. The average genetic similarity coefficient within indica, japonica, and between indica and japonica hybrid rice combinations were 0.636, 0.669 and 0.343, respectively. Cluster analysis results showed that the conventional rice varieties and hybrid rice combinations were classified into 6 and 7 groups, respectively. Most of varieties or combinations with same type gathered into same group.

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Changes in Relative Content of Rubisco Large Subunit in Naturally Senescing Rice Leaves LI Rui,ZHOU Wei,LI Li,LU Wei* 2009, 23(5): 555-558 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.10017216.2009.05.17 Abstract ( )   PDF (943KB) ( )   A rice mutant with low chlorophyll b and its wild type rice were adopted to investigate the changes in photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate, and content and sensitivity to trypsin proteolysis of Rubisco large subunit (LSU) during leaf senescence, as well as the effects of antioxidant and oxidant on changes in relative content of Rubisco LSU. The results showed that after full expansion of leaves in the mutant and its wild type plants, oxygen evolution and relative content of Rubisco LSU declined significantly. The degradation of Rubisco LSU could be retarded by antioxidants (reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid) but accelerated by oxidants (oxidized glutathione and H2O2). The oxygen evolution rate in the mutant was higher than that in the wild type. On the contrary, the degradation of Rubisco LSU was slower in the mutant than in the wild type as leaf senescence. Lower sensitivity to trypsin proteolysis of Rubisco LSU was found in the mutant in comparison with the wild type. It is suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate the degradation of Rubisco LSU.