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10 January 2010, Volume 24 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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综述与专论
研究报告
实验技术
研究简报


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综述与专论

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Heterotic Group and Its Application in Hybrid Rice Breeding LU Zuo-mei,XU Bao-qin, 2010, 24(1): 1-4 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2010.01.01 Abstract ( )   PDF (362KB) ( )   Heterotic groups have played an important role in hybrid maize breeding for more than 100 years. The concept of heterotic groups and patterns, and their application in rice and maize were reviewed. Challenges for hybrid rice breeding in China were analyzed, and necessity and urgency for using heterotic groups in hybrid rice breeding were pointed out.

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Beneficial Analysis on Introduced Rice Germplasm from Abroad in China WEI Xing-hua,TANG Sheng-xiang*,YU Han-yong,WANG Yi-ping,YUAN Xiao-ping,XU Qun 2010, 24(1): 5-11 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2010.01.02 Abstract ( )   PDF (441KB) ( )   Since 1949, more than 9963 varieties and entries of foreign rice germplasm have been introduced into China for evaluation and utilization. Among of which, 22 and 81 introduced varieties were annually planted over 66 700 hectare and 6 670-66 700 hectare each in some years, respectively. There were 33 most important rice hybrids derived from foreign cytoplasmic male sterile and/or restorer descents with the largest annual planting area more than 0.4 million hectare each in a certain period. Besides, a large number of elite foreign rice materials have been utilized as cross boneparents in various breeding programs, from which more than 2000 new varieties have been created and released for cultivation during the pasted 60 years. The statistical analysis indicated that more than 77.3 million tones of rough rice had been increased due to direct and/or indirect utilization of these introduced foreign rice varieties/materials, showing significant benefits both in economic and social domains. Therefore, strengthening introduction of foreign rice germplasm is one of the agricultural strategies to enrich cultivar′s genetic diversity in rice improvement，and to increase rice production for food security in China.

研究报告

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Dissection of QTLs for Hull Silicon Content on the Short Arm of Rice Chromosome 6 WU Ji-rong,FAN Fang-jun,DU Jing-hong,FAN Ye-yang,ZHUANG Jie-yun* 2010, 24(1): 12-17 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2010.01.03 Abstract ( )   PDF (1333KB) ( )   The dissection of the QTL qHUS6 for hull silicon content in rice which was previously located on the short arm of rice chromosome 6 is reported. Using an F2:3 population segregated in the RM587-RM19784 region harboring qHUS6 in an isogenic background, two QTLs for hull silicon content were detected, of which qHUS61 was located in the upper region and qHUS62 in the lower region. Three plants carrying smaller heterozygous segments in the target region were selected, of which two covered the qHUS61 region and the other covered the qHUS62 region. Three F2:3 populations were derived from the selfed seeds of the three plants, respectively. QTL mapping was performed using the two populations segregated in the qHUS61 region, and qHUS61 was delimited to a 147.0 kb region flanked by RM510 and RM19417. Five groups of F3 lines with different genotypic composition in the qHUS62 region were selected from the other F2:3 population. Two QTLs were separated with twoway ANOVA, of which qHUS62a was located in the interval RM19706-RM19795 and qHUS62b in the interval RM314-RM19665.

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QTL Analysis of the Anoxic Tolerance at the Seedling Stage in Rice WANG Yang,GUO Yuan,HONG Delin 2010, 24(1): 18-24 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2010.01.04 Abstract ( )   PDF (2028KB) ( )   Coleoptile lengths(CL) of seedlings at 7 days after germination under anoxic stress and normal conditions were investigated in two permanently segregated populations and their parents in rice (Oryza sativa L.). By using anoxic response index, a ratio of CL under anoxic stress to CL under normal conditions, as indicator of seedling anoxic tolerance (SAT), QTLs for SAT were detected. Two loci controlling SAT, designated as qSAT-2-R and qSAT-7-R, were detected in the RIL population (247 lines) derived from a cross between Xiushui 79(japonica cultivar) and C Bao(japonica restorer line). qSAT-2-R, explaining 8.7% of phenotypic variation, was tightly linked with the SSR marker RM525. qSAT-7-R, explaining 9.8% of phenotypic variation, was tightly linked with the marker RM418. The positive alleles of the two loci came from C Bao. Six loci controlling SAT, designated as qSAT-2-B, qSAT-3-B, qSAT-5-B, qSAT-8-B, qSAT-9-B and qSAT-12-B, were detected in the BIL population (98 lines) derived from a backcross of Nipponbare (japonica) /Kasalath (indica)//Nipponbare(japonica). The positive alleles of qSAT-2-B, qSAT-3-B and qSAT-9-B, which explained 16.2%, 11.4% and 9.5% of phenotypic variation, respectively, came from Nipponbare. The positive alleles qSAT-5-B, qSAT-8-B and qSAT-12-B, which explained 7.3%, 5.8% and 14.0% of phenotypic variation, respectively, were from Kasalath. The RFLP marker C747, linked tightly with qSAT-2-B, corresponded to the SSR marker RM1367 according to physical map. Genetic distance between qSAT-2-R and qSAT-2-B was 7.2 cM.

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Prokaryotic Expression of Coat Protein Gene S10 of Rice BlackStreaked Dwarf Virus, and Preparation and Application of Its Polyclonal Antibody OUYANG Yuan-long,WU Jian-xiang, XIONG Ru-yi,ZHOU Yi-jun,ZHOU Xue-ping 2010, 24(1): 25-30 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2010.01.05 Abstract ( )   PDF (542KB) ( )   The full length cDNA of rice blackstreaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) segment 10 (S10) which encoded coat protein was cloned from the virus infected rice samples by RTPCR，and subcloned into a prokaryotic expression vector pET32a. The recombinant prokaryotic expression vector (pET32aCP) was used to transform Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). A 76 kD TrxA fusion protein was obtained with induction of IPTG and purification of Ni+ NTA affinity column. The purified recombinant protein was used to immunize rabbits for production of polyclonal antibodies against the coat protein of RBSDV. Using polyclonal antibodies, immunocapture RTPCR and Dotblot ELISA were established for reliable, sensitive and specific detection of RBSDV. The two detection methods utilized polyclonal antibodies provide technical support for the diagnosis of RBSDV disease.

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Rice Blast Resistance of Transgenic Rice Plants with Pi-d2 Gene CHEN De-xi,CHEN Xue-wei,LEI Cai-lin,MA Bing-tian,WANG Yu-ping,LI Shi-gui 2010, 24(1): 31-35 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2010.01.06 Abstract ( )   PDF (380KB) ( )   Transgenic rice lines harboring Pid2 gene under the control of different promoters from three expression vector pCB6.3kb, pCB53kb and pZH01272kb were tested for resistance to Magnaporthe grisea. The results showed that 9 stably transgenic lines had different resistances to 39 strains of M. grisea from Sichuan Province, China, and the highest diseaseresistance frequency was 917%. Four early homozygous transgenic lines of Pid2 gene exhibited resistance to more than 8148% of 58 strains from Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, which indicates that the transgenic rice lines possessed widespectrum resistance against various rice blast races. The results of transgenic embryonic callus selected by crude toxin showed that the induction rate of embryonic callus reduced by increased concentration of toxin in medium. When the toxin concentration was 40% in medium, the induction rate of embryonic callus of transgenic plant was 4933%, while that of the receptor control was 5%. The disease incidence of neck blast were 0% to 50% in the transgenic lines under induction of rice blast disease in fields, showing the higher resistance to rice blast than that of receptor control.

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Effects of Temperature Increase of Soil on Productive Tiller Percentage and Yield of Rice in High Altitude Ecological Area LI Jing-hong, LI Gang-hua，YANG Cong-dang,WANG Shao-hua,LIU Zheng-hui,WANG Qiang-sheng,DING Yan-feng 2010, 24(1): 36-42 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2010.01.07 Abstract ( )   PDF (1393KB) ( )   To study the effect of increased soil temperature on rice production, three treatments(ridge cultivation, warmwater irrigation by sunning water pool and conventional cultivation) were arranged in a field experiment. The soil daily average temperature difference under ridge cultivation and warmwater irrigation by sunning water pool was 2.94℃ and 0.57℃ higher than that under conventional cultivation in the period from rice transplanting to critical stage for productive tiller in highaltitude and cold area. The quantity and quality of rice tiller before critical stage for productive tiller as well as the influence of soil warming measures to rice tillering and yield components were studied in high altitude area. The results showed that compared to the conventional cultivation, the productive tiller percentage increased by 14.59 and 0.14 percent points under the ridge cultivation and warmwater irrigation, respectively for Lijing 10, and by 12.08 and 2.09 percent points for Dabaigu, respectively . The yield increased by 13.79% and 10.82% under the ridge cultivation and warmwater irrigation, respectively for Lijing 10, and by 1335% and 11.54% for Dabaigu, respectively . The soil warming measures was helpful in promoting rice growth, accelerating tillering, increasing the accumulation of dry matter, optimizing the population quality and increasing productive tiller percentage and yield.

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Effects of Phosphorus Level on the Activity of Acid Phosphatase in Roots of Hybrid Rice and Its Parents YAN Kuan,WANG Chang-quan , LI Huan-xiu,LI Bing, YANG Juan,YUAN Da-gang 2010, 24(1): 43-48 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2010.01.08 Abstract ( )   PDF (372KB) ( )   The activities of acid phosphatase (APase) in roots of hybrid rice and its parents at the tillering, booting and filling stages were studied with 7 rice parents and their combinations as materials in a solution culture experiment with different phosphorus levels to provide a foundation for screening high phosphorusefficient hybrid rice. The activities of APase in roots differed under different P levels among maintainer lines. Under low P level, the activity of APase in roots of Ⅱ32B (Pinefficient type) was not significantly higher than that of the control(suitable P level) at the tillering stage. The tolerance of D62B and D83B (Pefficient type) to low P stress was enhanced notably with increased activity of APase in roots. Meanwhile, there existed the differences in APase activities in roots of the restorer lines. Compared with the control, the activity of APase in roots of R892 and R527 (Pefficient type) increased significantly at the tillering and booting stages under low P levels. Whereas, the activities of APase in roots of R549 and R781(Pinefficient type) increased significantly only at the tillering stage. The increasing extents of APase activity in roots of the hybrid rice combination derived from different parents were also different. In the three periods, the differences in APase activity in roots of Ⅱyou 549(Pinefficient type) under low P level and the control were not notable, but the APase activity in roots of D83A/R527(Pefficient type) under low P level increased significantly compared to the check. The increasing extent of APase activity in roots of Ⅱyou 549 derived from Ⅱ32B and R549 was not significant at all the stages. The APase activity in roots of D83A/R527 from D83B and R527 increased markedly under low P level. And the increasing extents of APase activity in roots of Ⅱyou 892 (Ⅱ32B×R892) and D62A/R781 (D62B×R781) were between Ⅱyou 549 and D83A/R527 under low P level.

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Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Management on Nitrogen Contents in Different Forms in Rice Plants MO Run-xiu, JIANG Li-geng*, GUO Li, HU Jun-ming, LIU Kai-qiang, ZHOU Jia-min, LIANG Tian-feng, ZENG Ke, DING Cheng-quan 2010, 24(1): 49-54 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2010.01.09 Abstract ( )   PDF (365KB) ( )   A pot experiment was done to study the contents of different nitrogen forms, such as total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, chlorophyll nitrogen, soluble protein nitrogen, Rubisco nitrogen, free amino acid nitrogen in rice plants and their responses to nitrogen fertilizer management with rice varieties Guichao 2 and Diejiazhan as test materials. The contents of the abovementioned nitrogen forms showed the same tendency to nitrogen fertilizer management, which increased with increasing nitrogen levels or more fertilizer applied at the heading and maturity stage under the same nitrogen level. However, the increase of different nitrogen forms varied. Significantly influenced by nitrogen fertilizer management, the contents of RubiscoN and free amino acidN in rice plant at the heading and maturity stage were significantly different under different nitrogen fertilization patterns. Correlation analysis indicated that there were significantly positive correlations between the total nitrogen content and protein nitrogen content in rice plants at the heading and maturity stage in early and late seasons.

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Effect of Nitrogen Level on Iron Content in Milled Rice and Its Genotypic Difference WEI Hai-yan,ZHANG Hong-cheng*,DAI Qi-gen,MA Qun,LI Jie,ZHANG Qing,HUO Zhong-yang,XU Ke 2010, 24(1): 55-61 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2010.01.10 Abstract ( )   PDF (1336KB) ( )   To investigate the effect of N level on Fe content in milled rice and its genotypic difference, a field experiment was carried out under three N levels including 0, 150 and 300 kg/hm2 by using 120 rice genotypes from domestic and abroad as materials. In addition to the genotypic difference of Fe content in milled rice, yield, 1000grain weight and N content in grain under the same N level, there were also variations in the response of Fe content in milled rice to N level. Based on the range and coefficient of variation for Fe content in milled rice under three N levels, the response of Fe content in milled rice to N levels could be classified into four types including highly insensitive type, insensitive type, sensitive type and highly sensitive type. A significant quadratic correlation was found between the Fe content in milled rice and 1000grain weight or between the Fe content in milled rice and N content in grain. However, no significant correlation between the Fe content in milled rice and yield was detected. In conclusion, there is genotypic difference in the effect of N level on Fe content in milled rice. Therefore, it is favorable to the breeding of Ferich rice which is suitable for a variety of N environments by using the difference. Meanwhile, high yield and Ferich rice could be grown through the regulation of N on Fe content in milled rice, 1000grain weight and N content in grain as affected by N level.

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Regulation Effects of Exogenous Phenolic Acids on Allelopathy of a Wild Rice (Oryza longistaminata) Accession of S37 XU Gao-feng,ZHANG Fu-dou,LI Tian-lin, ZHANG Yun,ZHANG Yu-hua 2010, 24(1): 62-66 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (373KB) ( )   Four kinds of exogenous phenolic acids, including salicylic acid, fumalic acid, pcoumaric acid and phydroxybenzonic acid, were used to investigate their regulatory effect on allelopathy of the wild rice (Oryza longistaminata) S37. The results showed that though low in weedsuppressive activity, the four kinds of exogenous phenolic acids induced the enhancement of the allelopathic potential of the wild rice S37 in target weed plants, and the inducible effects were dependent on the kinds of exogenous phenolic acids, concentration and treatment time. After foliar spraying the exogenous phenolic acids, the inhibitory effects of the wild rice S37 on plant height, root length and fresh weight of Echinochloa crusgalli were significantly higher than that of the control. Especially at the concentration of 100 mg/L, the plant height and fresh weight inhibition rates of fumalic acid were 38.12 and 26.31 percent points higher than that of the control, showing fumalic acid was more effective compared with other phenolic acids for weed control. Furthermore, the weedsuppressive activity of aqueous extracts from wild rice S37 leaves was increased after treatment with exogenous phenolic acids and peaked at 48 h after treatment, and then gradually declined.

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Genetic Diversity and Pathogenicity Variation of Different Rhizoctonia solani Isolates in Rice from Zhejiang Province, China CHEN Tao, ZHANG Zhen, CHAI Rong-yao,WANG Jiao-yu,MAO Xue-qin,QIU Hai-ping,DU Xin-fa,JIANG Hua, WANG Li-an,WANG Yan-li 2010, 24(1): 67-72 .  DOI: DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2010.12 Abstract ( )   PDF (551KB) ( )   Sixty Rhizoctonia solani strains were isolated from rice sheath blight samples collected from ricegrowing regions of Zhejiang Province, China. Hyphal fusion identification revealed that all the 60 strains belonged to anastomosis group AG1, as they all fused with the three intraspecific group of AG1 group(AG1ⅠA, AG1ⅠB and AG1ⅠC). Fiftyeight strains out of the 60 strains fused with the standard strain of AGBⅠ group. Pathogenicity identification analysis in vitro indicated significant difference in pathogenicity among the strains. TTZF1, the most pathogenetic strain, was significantly more pathogenetic than the other 52 strains. Further internal transcribed spacer(ITS) analysis indicated that phylogenetic tree coincided with the result of hyphal fusion identification, and was irrelevant with pathogenicity difference.

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Dynamic Changes of Resistance to Fipronil and Neonicotinoid Insecticides in Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Homoptera: Delphacidae) ZHOU Wei-jun,LUO Cai-hong 2010, 24(1): 73-80 .  DOI: DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2010.01.13 Abstract ( )   PDF (2079KB) ( )   The resistances to the phenyl pyrazole (such as fipronil), neonicotinoid and insect growth regulator insecticides (buprofezin) in brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stl) were monitored by ricestem dipping method during 2006 to 2008. Results showed that N. lugens sharply developed resistance to fipronil following its immigration route in 2008. The levels of resistance to Fipronil in 10 immigration populations from 6 provinces in the Yangtze River Delta areas and the backmigration populations in Shaoguan and Shenzhen of Guangdong were moderate (resistance ratio 15.0-fold to 32.5-fold) and high (66.9-fold to 73.7-fold), respectively, higher than those of all 6 field populations from 5 provinces in 2006(2.6-fold to 5.8-fold) and 11 populations from 9 provinces in 2007 (3.2-fold to 8.4-fold). The above results suggest that N. lugens would develop a higher level of resistance to fipronil in most ricegrowing areas in China during 2009 to 2010. All populations collected in 2006-2008 showed high or extremely high level of resistance to imidacloprid, of which the resistance levels of 13 populations from 8 provinces in 2008 were 210.1-fold to 381.7-fold, though the resistance level dropped slightly in the following 3 years comparing with the extremely high level in 2005 (277fold to 811fold). For other neonicotinoid insecticides such as hiamethoxam, nitenpyram and dinotefuran, the resistance ratios were in the range of 20fold to 158fold, 07fold to 48fold, and 06fold to 28fold, respectively. All the populations were susceptible or lowlevel resistant to buprofezin (30fold to 119fold). In recent years, widespread and intensive use of fipronil for controlling two classes of migratory rice pest insects (brown planthopper/whitebacked planthopper and rice leaf roller) might be a major reason for fipronil resistance outbreaking in N. lugens. Therefore, to prevent insecticide resistance in N. lugens from outbreaking again, insecticide resistance management strategy including alternating and rotating insecticides without crossresistance need to be established.

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Starch Pasting Properties and Structure of a High Amylose Rice Mutant Goamy2 JIAO Gui-ai,TANG Shao-qing,LUO Ju,SHAO Gao-neng, HU Pei-song* 2010, 24(1): 81-86 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2010.01.14 Abstract ( )   PDF (957KB) ( )   A high amylose rice mutant Goamy2 and its wild type Ilpumbyeo were used to analyze starch pasting properties and structure. There were considerable differences in physicochemical characters and pasting properties between the high amylose mutant Goamy2 and its wild type Ilpumbyeo, as well as their water soluble and insoluble starch structure according to the results of Size Exclusion Chromatography(SEC). The cold water soluble components of rice flour of the mutant Goamy2 were mainly smaller molecules with the degree of polymerization(DP) of DP141 to DP2. The cold water soluble components of the wild type Ilpumbyeo were bigger molecules and the proportion of branched chains with the degree of polymerization of DP4100 to DP64 was high(33.3%). The hot water soluble starch of Goamy2 were mainly amylose, and the ratio of amylose to amylopectin was 4∶1 approximately, whereas for the hot water soluble starch of Ilpumbyeo, amylose and amylopection were both nearly a half. The ratios of long chains to short chains in hot water soluble amylopectin of the mutant and the wild type varied, being 0.67 and 0.32, respectively. The hot water insoluble starch of both two varieties were mostly amylopectin, and the proportion of amylose were less than 5%. The chain of the hot water insoluble amylopectin in the wild type was mainly short chains, with a proportion of short chains of 72.5%, whereas for the mutant, the proportion of long chains was close to the proportion of short chains.

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Research on Yield Estimation of Rice Based on Remote Sensing Using ModerateResolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) Data: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province, China DENG Rui,HUANG Jing-feng,WANG Fu-min,SUN Hua-sheng,PENG Dai-liang 2010, 24(1): 87-92 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2010.01.15 Abstract ( )   PDF (1300KB) ( )   Based on the unique characteristic of high soil moisture in the “flooding and transplanting” period of rice, rice pixels in Jiangsu Province, China were extracted by vegetation index algorithm. The unique characteristic could be reflected by relationship between different vegetation indexes derived from MODIS09 data. Then, the relationship between statistical yield data and vegetation index of rice extracted previously in 2004-2006 was analyzed. Finally, rice yield in 2007 was predicted. The results showed that the method based on MODIS data can estimate yield effectively. The accuracy of predicted yield of each city in 2007 was about 95% and the relative error was 0.38% at the provincial level.

实验技术

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Improvement of Method for Evaluating Amylose Content in Rice at Low Generations of Breeding WANG Yue-xing,NI Shen,CHEN Hong-qi, LIU Gui-fu,YANG Jun, DUAN Bin-wu,ZHU Xu-dong 2010, 24(1): 93-98 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2010.01.16 Abstract ( )   PDF (1414KB) ( )   A simple iodine staining method for evaluating amylose content in rice was developed. Amylose content in rice was divided into four levels from low to high, according to the colors from brown red to dark blue after staining. The evaluation on the amylose content in 28 rice varieties by using the method showed that there was a significant correlation between the staining results and standard value (r = 0.95**). The method was applied to the improvement of rice amylose content in low generations, and the accuracy of the method in Wx gene screening was verified by molecular marker assistant selection. The amylose content evaluated by this method was highly coincident with rice starch synthesisrelated gene markers in 22 breeding parents for restorer and maintainer lines of hybrid rice.

研究简报

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Competition Between Rice and Barnyardgrass at Different Generations under FreeAir CO2 Enrichment CHEN Xi,ZHU Jian-guo,WANG Liang ,JIANG De-lu ,YAN Jian ,XU Xiao-ming,ZENG Qing 2010, 24(1): 99-102 .  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2010.01.17 Abstract ( )   PDF (1358KB) ( )   Difference in the competition between rice and barnyardgrass at different growth stages and generations under FACE (Freeair CO2 enrichment, 580 μmol/mol) conditions was studied in the field. Under the FACE conditions and a 12∶1 transplanting ratio for rice and barnyardgrass, the growth and photosynthesis of the second generation rice (FR2) declined at both tillering and heading stages compared to its parent (FR0). The dry weight of FR2 decreased by 18.8% and 61.9% respectively compared with FR0. And the net photosynthetic rate of FR2 decreased by 22.4% and 27.8%, respectively, compared with FR0 at the tillering and heading stages. On the other hand, the dry weight of barnyardgrass progeny (FB2) decreased by 345% and 31.0%, and the net photosynthetic rate of FB2 decreased by 28.4% and 16.3%, respectively, compared to its parent (FB0) at the tillering and heading stages. After longterm exposure to high CO2 concentration, the competition between rice and barnyardgrass had changed gradually as the time of exposure was prolonged. The FR2/FB2 ratio for biomass and net photosynthetic rate increased by 26.6% and 8.3% at the tillering stage, whereas decreased by 44.1% and 13.8% at the heading stage, respectively, compared to the FR0/FB0 ratio. It indicates that the competition between rice and barnyardgrass progeny had acclimated to an elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration at the later growth stages.