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10 March 2004, Volume 18 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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研究报告


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研究报告

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Progress and Strategy of the Improvement of Indica Rice Varieties in the Yangtse Valley of China YANG Shi-hua,CHENG Ben-yi,SHEN Wei-feng,LIAO Xi-yuan* 2004, 18(2): 89-93 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (219KB) ( )   The data of national rice regional trial in southern China from 1986 to 2002 were analyzed. Obvious progress has been achieved in improvement of indica rice varieties in the Yangtse Valley during the last seven years(1996-2002). The average yield increased by more than 12% and grain quality was improved significantly, but resistance to main pests was not improved obviously compared to those during “the 7th Five year Plan”(1986-1990) and“ the 8th Five year Plan”(1991-1995). Proper heightening plant would play an important role indirectly to increase yield. Based on suitable number of effective panicles and grain weight, it was very important to increase grains per panicle to improve both the yield and grain quality. Strategies were proposed for raising the breeding level further.

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Differential Display on Gene Expression of Root System in Hybrid Rice Honglianyou 6 and Its Parental Lines at Seedling and Tillering Stages XIONG Jian-hua ,CHEN Xue-feng ,ZHANG Yi-ping ,ZHU Ying-guo ,LI Yang-sheng 2004, 18(2): 94-98 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (1948KB) ( )   The gene expression in root system for hybrid rice, Honglianyou 6, and its parental lines (Yuetai A, Yuetai B, Yangdao 6) at seedling and tillering stages was analyzed by DDRT PCR. Results revealed that differentially expressed genes between seedling stage and tillering stage were far less than those between hybrid and its parental lines at the same developmental stage, both differences in gene expression were detected; the number of the differentially expressed genes at tillering stage was close to that at seedling stage, while the gene number of the same differential expressed patterns was obviously different. The expressed genes in hybrid rice from one parent increased at tillering stage; heterosis in Honglianyou 6 probably owed to the complementary expression of gene. Blasting of MF1 after sequencing in GeneBank revealed that it was a new cDNA sequences. The fragment MF1 was confirmed through Northern blotting analysis.

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Inheritance Analysis of Resistance to Bacterial Blight in Rice Cultivar Wufengzhan 2 YANG Chang-deng,WANG Xing-chun,LI Xi-ming,MA Liang-yong 2004, 18(2): 99-103 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (1565KB) ( )   The inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight(BB) in Wufengzhan 2 (WFZ2) and IRBB5 and their backcross generations were analyzed. IRBB5 and WFZ2 presented resistance and moderate resistance to strain of Chinese pathotype Zhe 173,respectively. The BB resistance of WFZ2 was controlled by minor polygene. The character was conformed to additive dominant model and mainly controlled by additive effects. The resistance in IRBB5 was controlled by a recessive major gene xa5 and the progeny populations of IRBB5 and susceptible lines segregated in the ratio of one recessive major gene. The resistance reaction was consistent with PCR analysis of xa5 gene. In WFZ2 2 /IRBB5 B1 F1 population, the ratio of genotype Xa5Xa5 to genotype Xa5xa5 was 1∶1. In WFZ2 2 /Shuhui 162 B1 F1 population, 68.3% plants showed resistance like WFZ2. Gene pyramiding line with xa5 and minor polygene could be obtained by one backcross with recurrent parent WFZ2.

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Analysis on the Current Status of Wild Rice Resource Distributed in Yunnan Province Based on the Investigation DAI Lu-yuan ,WU Li-hua ,WANG Lin ,YANG Qing-wen ,TANG Cui-feng ,YU Teng-qiong 2004, 18(2): 104-108 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (190KB) ( )   Field survey on wild rice resources in situ was carried out in Yunnan Province in October,2002 and March,2003 through participatory method of investigation. The area investigated covered 93 recorded sites of wild rice resources belonging to 16 counties of six prefectures, i.e. Yuxi, Simao, Xishuangbanna,Baoshan, Lincang and Dehong. Only 30 sites of the 93 ones kept wild rice still while no wild rice was found in any of the rest sites. Ten sites else were newly discovered to conserve wild rice (Oryza meyeriana Baill.). Hence, the total sites of wild rice are 40 in Yunnan Province, distributing across 16 counties of the six prefectures, of which 35 sites concentrate in 12 counties of three prefectures, Simao, Dehong and Lincang. The distribution area of Oryza rufipogon Griff. is about 1334 m2, the two sites of Oryza officinalis Wall. are both about 334 m2 , and those of O. meyeriana Baill. range from a few plants to 133 400 m2 . There are eight sites with area larger than 13 340 m2 and middle or high density. Among them four sites locate in Puer County, Mojiang County and Simao County of Simao Prefecture, two sites in Longling County of Dehong Prefecture, one site in Cangyuan County of Lincang Prefecture and another in Jinghong County of Xishuangbanna Prefecture.

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Freezing Tolerance and Germination Ability at Low Temperature of Dandong Weedy Rice CHEN Hui-zhe,XUAN Song-nan,WANG Wei-xia,SHAO Guo-sheng,SUN Zong-xiu 2004, 18(2): 109-112 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (172KB) ( )   In order to understand why the weedy rice seeds could survive in field under winter conditions, dry seeds of Dandong weedy rice and rice cultivar Roshihikari were soaked in water for several hours, then transferred to -20℃ and stored for seven days, finally geminated under 25 ℃ condition. The germination rate of the control, Koshihikari, was dramatically reduced from 98 0% to 4.0% after soaking for one hour, and no seedlings could survive if soaking time was extended to 1.5 hours, while the seeds of Dandong weedy rice geminated normally after one hour soaking, and its seedling survival rate was up to 2.3% even soaked for three hours. Dandong weedy rice could germinate at 11℃, its critical temperature for germination was lower than that of the control. The potential values of the tolerance of weedy rice to freeze were discussed.

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Cytological Studies on the Pollen and Anther of Taichung 65 (Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica) During the Anther Culture YAO Yan,LU Yong-gen *,LIU Xiang-dong,FENG Jiu-huan,ZHANG Gui-quan 2004, 18(2): 113-118 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (2349KB) ( )   By using techniques of intact fresh microspore and semi thin section observation, the cytology of microspore and anther wall of Taichung 65, a japonica rice cultivar, was studied during the anther culture. Some cytological features were found in vitro. Four developmental types of microspores might be divided: normal gametophytic development microspore, dedifferentiation microspore, starch accumulation microspore and vacuole microspore. Different developmental types of microspores had different development paths in vitro. The cytological features of the dedifferentiation microspore were identified that nucleus changed its position and cytoplasm restructured. The regularity of anther wall development in vitro was that tapetum cell degenerated and middle layer cell expanded during the anther culture. The cold pretreatment method contributed to delaying the tapetum degeneration and stimulating the middle layer enlargement. The anther wall had an important effect on the microspore dedifferentiation.

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Study on the Remains of Ancient Rice from Kuahuqiao Site in Zhejiang Province ZHENG Yun-fei,JIANG Le-ping,ZHENG Jian-ming 2004, 18(2): 119-124 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (1811KB) ( )   To understand the origin of rice cultivation in the Neolithic age, analysis of phytolith and investigation of plant remains had been carried out in the newly excavated Kuahuqiao site located in the suburbs of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, dated from 7000 to 8000 a BP. Analysis of phytolith showed the presence of phytoliths from motor cells of rice in every layer, excepting the 11 th layer, all of which were large in size, morphologically similar to those of japonica type. Investigation of plant remains by floating method showed that there were a lot of rice remains, such as rice grain, hulled rice and rice husk in the 5 th to 11 th layers. The ratio of length to width was 2.71 of rice grain and 2.68 of the hulled rice, both morphologically similar to those of indica type. It could be assumed from the results that the lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the home of rice cultivation, and that the ancient rice excavated from Kuahuqiao site was an incompletely differentiated population.

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Effect of wx Mutation on Starch Physical-Chemical Properties in Rice HAN Yue-peng ,XU Ming-Liang ,YAN Chang-Jie ,CHEN Xiu-lan ,GU Ming-Hong 2004, 18(2): 125-129 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (1244KB) ( )   Variations in starch physical chemical properties were investigated between two waxy mutants and their parental lines. Waxy mutants showed higher GT (gelatinization temperature) and GC (gel consistency), and lower RVA (rapid visco analyzer) values than their parental lines. Three characters of RVA profile including setback, consistence and cool viscosity varied greatly between waxy mutants and their parental lines, while slight differences were observed in peak viscosity and breakdown. It suggested there was pleiotropy of Wx on GC, GT, and starch paste viscosity. In addition, variations in breakdown and peak viscosity of RVA profiles between two waxy mutants were even larger than those between the waxy mutant and their respective parental line. These results suggested that amylopectin besides AC was also a factor responsible for cooking and eating quality in rice grain. The Wx loci were characterized with both G/T single nulceotide polymorphism (SNP) at the putative leader intron 5′ splice site and (CT)n microsatelliates in the leader sequence. Analysis of G/T SNP showed that Yangfunuo 4 differed from its parental line IR1529-68-3-2 by a subsitution of G by T, while Yangnuo 2 had the same nucleotide T with its parental line Kinmaze. Variations of (CT)n repeat numbers were also observed both between Yangfunuo 4 and IR1529-68-3-2 and between Yangnuo 2 and Kinmaze.

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Correlation and Cluster Analysis for Grain Quality in Hybrid Rice REN Juan-sheng ,WANG Xiu-zhi ,XIAO Pei-cun ,TIAN Yan-hua ,HAN Zan-ping ,HAN Lei ,WANG Xu-dong 2004, 18(2): 130-134 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (183KB) ( )   Eleven grain quality traits of 14 varieties (combinations) from Sichuan Provincial Rice Regional Trial were analysed with the method of phenotypic principal component analysis. There existed complex relationship among grain quality traits. Eight principal component factors affecting grain quality were selected. The cumulative contribution rate of grain shape and milling quality to grain quality was 61.6%. Fourteen varieties (combinations) could be classified into four groups according to genetic distance, showing near genetic distance and narrow genetic basis in the new varieties. It was suggested that grain shape and milling quality should be particularly considered in rice grain quality breeding.

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Grain Types and Related Quality Characteristics of Rice in China LUO Yu-kun,ZHU Zhi-wei,CHEN Neng,DUAN Bing-wu,ZHANG Lin-ping 2004, 18(2): 135-139 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (210KB) ( )   A total of 5331 rice samples, including 3810 indica and 1521 japonica, were collected from China to study their grain types and related quality characteristics. For indica rice, long and middle grains were the two principal types in grain length; the medium was the first key type in grain shape, and the slender was the second one. For japonica rice, the grains of most varieties were short and coarse in length and shape. In indica rice, both grain length and shape were significantly related to head rice rate, chalkiness, translucency, and amylose content(negatively), and gel consistency(positively). In japonica rice, grain length was significantly related to head rice rate and gel consistency (negatively), and amylose content (positively)(P<0.01), grain shape was significantly related to chalkiness(negatively), and amylose content and protein content(positively). There were significant differences in head rice rate among different grain length groups, except short and very short grain groups. The order of head rice rate was adversely accorded with the increase of grain length. The quality of japonica rice was superior to that of indica rice as a whole, near a half of japonica varieties had grain qualities satisfied the superior criteria of China, while only a quarter of indica varieties reached the superior criteria. Among indica varieties, the grain quality of groups with long and extra long grain types were superior to that of groups with middle and short grain types.

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Changes in Unsaturation of Thylakoid Membrane Lipids and Xanthophyll Cycle Components in Rice (Oryza sativa) under Chilling and Strong Light JI Ben-hua ,ZHU Su-qin ,XIE Huan-song ,JIAO De-mao 2004, 18(2): 140-146 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (313KB) ( )   To explore the differences in sensitivities to chilling and strong light between indica and japonica rice, changes in unsaturation of thylakoid membrane lipids and the activity of violaxanthin deepoxidase (VDE) in flag leaves were studied under chilling (day/night temperatures of 11±1℃/10±1℃) and strong light (1050 μmol / m2 · s). The contents of unsaturated fatty acids of thylakoid membrane lipids decreased and the saturated fatty acids increased with chilling and strong light treated time delaying, as a result, the index of unsaturation of fatty acid (IUFA) reduced. Also, the activities of VDE, a key enzyme of xanthophyll cycle, reduced. The content of violaxanthin (V) increased, and the contents of antheraxanthin (A) and zeaxanthin (Z) decreased consequently, the ratio of (A+Z)/(A+Z+V) decreased corresponsively. Arrhenius analysis showed that VDE was sensitive to both chilling and unsaturation level of thylakoid membrane lipids. Correlation analysis showed that there were distinctly positive relationships between IUFA of thylakoid membrane lipids and the activity of VDE, (A+Z)/(A+Z+V) ratio, D1 protein content, respectively. Lower IUFA value, less fluidity and stability of thylakoid membrane lipids, lower VDE activity and (A+Z)/(A+Z+V) ratio were found in indica rice Shanyou 63 than in japonica rice 9516 under chilling and strong light.

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Relationship Between Changes in Leaf Endogenous Hormone Contents and Senescence of Hybrid Rice Tiyou 418 and Its Parents During Grain Filling Stage FAN Jin-juan ,LI Xue-mei ,XU Zheng-jin ,ZHANG Li-jun 2004, 18(2): 147-150 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (162KB) ( )   Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and chlorophyll content, as well as the contents of abscisic acid (ABA), zeatin riboside (ZR), gibberellin (GA1/3 ) and auxin (IAA) in the leaves were studied by using hybrid rice Tiyou 418 and its parents Tijin and C418. Different rates of leaf senescence were observed in all three rice materials. Senescence occurred the earliest and fastest in Tijin, followed by Tiyou 418 and C418. In the three rice materials, a similar trend was recorded in ABA, ZR, and IAA contents during the grain filling stage, and in (GA1/3 +ZR+IAA)/ABA ratio. The ratio was quite stable during the early stage of leaf senescence, and decreased markedly during the late stage. The ratio declined more dramatically in Tijin, in accordance with its faster leaf senescence. The results suggested that the ratio of (GA1/3 +ZR+IAA)/ABA regulated chlorophyll content, SOD activity, MDA content and membrane lipid superoxidation, and endogenous hormones might play a role in regulation of leaf senescence in systematically way.

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Canopy Spectral Reflectance Characteristics of Rice at Elongating Stage Under Different Cultivated Practice and Their Fuzzy Cluster Analysis XUE Li-hong,CAO Wei-xing,LUO Wei-hong 2004, 18(2): 151-155 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (212KB) ( )   The influence of main cultivated practice including different nitrogen application rate, population density, leaf ages of seedling at transplanting, and water regimes on rice canopy spectral reflectance was investigated. Results showed that increasing nitrogen rate, and population density, transplanting young seedling, and flooding irrigation could increase reflectance at near infrared bands and decrease reflectance at visible bands. Using reflectance of green, red and near infrared bands and ratio index of 810 nm to 560 nm could distinguish the different types of rice under different cultivated practice by fuzzy cluster analysis.

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Recovery and Biological Properties of Nitrate Nonutilizing Mutants of Magnaporthe grisea ZHANG Chuan-qing,ZHOU Ming-guo 2004, 18(2): 156-160 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (189KB) ( )   Eleven nitrate nonutilizing (nit) mutants were recovered from six isolates of Magnaporthe grisea cultured on MM media amended with 60 g/L potassium chlorate, with a frequency of 1.42 %. Some biological properties, such as growth rate, growth biomass, cultural characters, conidial production, sexual reproduction ability, and pathogenicity were compared between nit mutants and their parental isolates. Results showed that all the nit mutants were resistant to chlorate. Some important biological properties such as growth rate on YPSA, conidial production ability on TPSA, and pathogenicity, had no significant differences between nit mutants and their parental isolates. Mating type of the mutants hadn’t changed, but perithecia production ability of fertile isolates changed significantly as compared with that of their parental isolates. Therefore, the nit can be used as a genetic marker for study the genetics such as pathogenicity, fungicide resistance in Magnaporthe grisea.

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Effect of Nitrogen on Water Content, Sap Flow of Rice Plants in Association with Tolerance to Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens LU Zhong-xian ,Sylvia VILLAREAL ,YU Xiao-ping ,HEONG Kong-luen ,HU Cui 2004, 18(2): 161-166 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (240KB) ( )   Water content (WC), sap flow and changes in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants damaged by brown planthopper (BPH), were determined in laboratory, and the tolerance of rice plants with different nitrogen regimes to BPH was evaluated in greenhouse at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Results indicated that both WC and RWC were increased significantly, while the sap amount flowed from rice plants were reduced statistically, with the increase of nitrogen content in rice plants. RWC in rice plants applied with high nitrogen fertilizer decreased strongly by the injury of BPH nymphs. Those may be considered to be one of the key factors to increase the susceptibility to BPH damage on rice plants applied with nitrogen fertilizer.

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Changes of Methamidophos Resistance and Fitness of the Hybrid Progeny of Different Strains of Nilaparvata lugens LIU Ze-wen,HAN Zhao-jun,ZHANG Ling-chun 2004, 18(2): 167-170 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (165KB) ( )   A resistant strain selected successively in the laboratory for 17 generations had 198.63 fold resistance to methamidophos. The resistant levels and fitness of offsprings from the resistant strain and susceptible strain or field population were closer to those of the resistant strain than those of the susceptible strain or field population. It showed that the changes of the resistant levels of the hybrid progeny were propitious to the resistance development, and the changes of the fitness went against the resistance development by contraries. The effects of the migration on the development of methamidophos resistance in Nilaparvata lugens were discussed in the aspects of the migration of brown planthopper, the resistant levels of offsprings and the changes of the fitness.

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Data Acquisition and Analysis System of Insect Acoustic Signal and Its Application in Signal Study of the Brown Planthopper YAO Qing ,LAI Feng-xiang ,FU Qiang ,ZHANG Zhi-tao ,CHENG Deng-fa 2004, 18(2): 171-175 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (404KB) ( )   A set of data acquisition and analysis system of insect acoustic signal (DAASIAS)with friendly interface, simple operation and multifunction was developed. DAASIAS could sample and analyze insect acoustic signals in real time. By using DAASIAS, both observing insect behavior and analyzing signal could be conducted at the same time. DAASIAS was applied firstly in sampling and analyzing the brown planthopper signals and results showed that DAASIAS was steady and provided a powerful platform for deeply studying insect sound communication.

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Action of Drops of Monosultap ME with Different Surface Tension on Rice Leaf GU Zhong-yan,XU Xiao-long,HAN Li-juan 2004, 18(2): 176-180 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (614KB) ( )   The surface tension and spreading characteristics of monosultap ME drops on rice leaf were studied using 50-1000 mg/L 20% monosultap ME, which comprised technical product of monosultap ME, synergist, mineral oil, and three non ion surfactants. Results showed that the surface tension of monosultap ME at 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 500 mg/L and 1000 mg/L were smaller than the critical surface tension of rice leaf. The contact angles of the drops of these solution were about 135° when the drops dropped onto rice leaf. As time went on, the contact angle became smaller, and the higher the concentration was, the faster the contact angle became small. Finally, the drops of monosultap ME at 200 mg/L, 500 mg/L and 1000 mg/L spread completely because the surfactant was over CMC (critical micelle concentration) in these solution and the drops at 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L could not spread eventually because the surfactant did not reach the CMC. Small drops of water tend to be attracted to form larger drops when they were near enough on rice leaf due to surface tension, but the drops of monosultap ME at 500 mg/L could not form larger ones and they could be distributed over rice leaf when they dropped on to it.

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Comparative Studies on Physical-Chemical Properties and Major Nutritional Componentsof Rice Grain in Herbicide-Resistant Transgenic Rice and its Parent SHEN Xi-hong ,CUI Hai-rui ,ZHANG Hui-lian ,CHENG Shi-hua 2004, 18(2): 181-183 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (142KB) ( )   Starch characteristics and key nutritional compositions in transgenic rice with  bar  gene were compared with its original parent. It was found that peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity and cool paste viscosity of RVA profile between trans genic rice and its parent were significantly different at 1% level, respectively, but apparent amylose content, gel consistence and breakdown viscosity, setback viscosity of RVA profile were similar, and no significant differences existed in contents of crude protein, crude fat, total ash, amino acids and mineral compositions. It was suggested that no notable changes in grain quality traits had been caused by intergation of T DNA in transgenic rice genome.