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10 January 2009, Volume 23 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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综述与专论
研究报告
研究简报
实验技术


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综述与专论

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Progress on Cloning and Functional Analysis of Dwarfism Related Genes in Rice MA Liang yong ,BAO Jin song ,LI Xi ming ,ZHU Xu dong ,JI Zhi juan ,XIA Ying wu ,YANG Chang deng 2009, 23(1): 1-1～11 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (170KB) ( )   Dwarfism is one of the most important agronomic traits of rice. The genes underlying participate a series of important physiological and biochemical process. Cloning and functional analysis of the dwarfism related genes reveal the mechanisms for high yielding rice production. In the review, the concept of dwarfism and class of dwarf gene of rice were introduced, and the structure, function and relation with classical genetics and breeding values of the cloned genes were summarized.

研究报告

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Expression Analysis of ISA1 Gene Encoding an Isoamylasetype Starch Debranching Enzyme in Rice LI Qianfeng , ,ZHANG Guiyun ,YU Hengxiu ,Samuel Saiming SUN ,GU Minghong ,LIU Qiaoquan 2009, 23(1): 12-12～18 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (1674KB) ( )   Abstract: A quantitative realtime PCR (QPCR) analysis was performed to investigate the expression pattern of the rice ISA1 gene, encoding an isoamylasetype starchdebranching enzyme, in different tissues as well as in grains at different developmental stages. The results showed that the ISA1 gene was strictly expressed in developing grains. In addition, the 1.1kb and 2.1kb promoter region upstream of the start codon of ISA1 gene were cloned and fused with the GUS reporter gene. Then, the GUS chimeric genes were subsequently introduced into rice via Agrobacteriummediated transformation. The results of both histochemical staining and quantitative analysis of GUS (βglucuronidase) activity showed that the 2.1kb ISA1 promoter had an obvious endospermspecific expression characters, which was consistent with the QPCR result of the endogenous gene in rice. However, the 1.1kb ISA1 promoter presented different expression characters, which drove the GUS reporter gene at a high expression level not only in endosperm but also in culm, culm node and grain hull of transgenic rice. It was speculated that some functional elements which could restrain the expression of target gene in certain organs such as the stem existed in the 2.1 kb promoter.

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Differential Response of Three Isoform Genes Encoding Starch Branching Enzymes (SBE) in Rice Endosperms to High Temperature Stress at the Filling Stage WEI Kesu,CHENG Fangmin*,ZHANG Qifang,LIU Kuigang 2009, 23(1): 19-19～24 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (512KB) ( )   An early indica rice variety (Zhefu 49), whose grain quality and starch structure are sensitive to environmental temperature, was subjected to different temperature treatments (32℃ for high temperature and 22℃ for optimum temperature) at the filling stage in plant growth chambers, and the differential expressions of three isoform genes encoding the starch branching enzyme(SBE) in developing endosperms, including SBEⅠ， SBEⅢ and SBEⅣ， were detected by using realtime fluorescence quantitative PCR (FQPCR). The effects of high temperature on the expression of SBE genes in rice endosperms were isoformdependent, with relatively low expressions (downregulation) for SBEⅠ and SBEⅢ， but relatively high expression(upregulation) for SBEⅣ when rice plants were exposed to high temperature. Compared to SBEⅣ and SBEⅢ genes, the expression of SBEⅠ gene in developing rice endosperms was more sensitive to high temperature at the filling stage.

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Breeding of a New Rice Variety with Good Eating Quality by Marker Assisted Selection WANG Cailin,CHEN Tao,ZHANG Yadong,ZHU Zhen,ZHAO Ling,LIN Jing 2009, 23(1): 25-25～30 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (660KB) ( )   A new japonica rice variety with good eating quality and high yield was obtained through the cross between high yield japonica rice variety Wuxiangjing 14 as the female parent and good quality japonica rice variety Kantou 194 with low amylose content and translucent endosperm controlled by the Wxmq gene as male parent. According to the comparison of the DNA sequences between Wxmq gene and its allelic gene Wxb, Wxa and wx, two mutated bases occurred in exon 4 and exon 5 were only found in Wxmq, and the change of GA in exon 4 just produced a recognition site for NIaⅢ digestion. Thus, a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker, which can identify the homozygous genotype and heterozygous genotype of Wxmq gene, was designed and used for the assisted selection of low amylose content in F5 and F6 lines derived from Wuxiangjing 14/Kantou 194. The result of the identification of endosperm was completely coincident with that of marker assisted selection (MAS). And the efficiency of MAS with the CAPS marker was up to 100%. As a result, Nanjing 46, a new japonica rice variety with good eating quality and high yield, was successfully developed by pyramiding Wxmq gene and high yield genes.

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Genetic Analysis and Gene Mapping of Rice Blast Resistance in japonica Variety Ziyu 44 ZHANG Jinwen ,TAN Yaling ,HONG Ruke ,FAN Jinghua ,LUO Qiong ,ZENG Qianchun 2009, 23(1): 31-31～35 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (1469KB) ( )   The F1, F2, BC1F1 and 276 F7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from Ziyu 44(a plateau japonica rice variety from Yunnan Province, China, with durable blast resistance) and Jiangnanxiangnuo (a low latitude japonica rice variety, highly susceptible to blast) were obtained to study the inheritance of rice blast resistance. The F1, F2 and BC1F1 were inoculated with blast races ZB13 and ZE1, respectively. Genetic analyses on the three populations of F1, F2 and BC1F1 showed that the rice blast resistance to the races ZB13 and ZE1 were both controlled by a single dominant gene, respectively. Furthermore, a population including 266 F7 RILs from the 276 F7 RILs was used to map the rice blast resistance gene to the race ZE1. The gene was mapped on rice chromosome 11 with a distance of 0 cM to SSR marker RM206 and tentatively designated as Pizy(t). These results provide essential information for further utilization of the blast resistance gene in Ziyu 44 in rice disease resistance breeding and positional cloning of the gene.

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Effects of Cold Water Irrigation on Grain Quality Traits in japonica Rice Varieties from Yunnan Province， China ZHAO Guozhen ,YANG Seajun ,YEA Jongdoo ,LIAO Xinhua ,SU Zhenxi ,SHI Rong ,JIANG Cong ,DAI Luyuan 2009, 23(1): 36-36～42 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (52KB) ( )   The response of grain quality traits to cold water irrigation were studied by using eleven improved japonica rice cultivars from Yunnan Province, China. The results indicated that the response of grain quality traits to cold water irrigation varied in either cultivars or grain quality traits. The grain width, chalky rice percentage, whiteness degree, 1000grain weight, brown rice rate, taste meter value, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity and final viscosity significantly decreased while grain lengthwidth ratio, head rice rate, alkali digestion value, protein content and setback viscosity markedly increased under cold water irrigation. However, the other traits such as grain length, amylose content, milled rice rate, time reaching peak viscosity and pasting temperature were not significantly affected by cold water irrigation. Significant correlation relationships were discovered between phenotypic acceptability and cold response index of taste meter value, protein content, peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity. Therefore it would be very important to improve the cold tolerance of Yunnan varieties in order to stabilize and improve their eating quality.

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Relationships Between Soil Enzyme Activities and Rice Grain Yield, Leaf Senescence During Grain Filling under Winter Conservation Tillage in Paddy Field FU Guanfu,WANG Danying,XU Chunmei,PENG Jian,HAN Bo,TAO Longxing,ZHANG Xiufu* 2009, 23(1): 43-43～50 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (3068KB) ( )   Five planting modes of winter conservation tillage in paddy field, including potato with straw mulching under zerotillage(T1), ryegrass direct seeding under zerotillage (T2), rape direct seeding under zerotillage (T3), oat grass direct seeding under zerotillage（T4） and the control (CK), were designed to study the changes in the soil enzyme activities and their effects on leaf senescence of hybrid rice Guodao 6 during grain filling. Compared to the control (CK), T1, T2 and T3 treatments could significantly increase the soil proteinase, neutral phosphatase, catalase and invertase activities with the highest soil enzyme activity under T1 treatment. T1, T2 and T3 treatments could effectively delay the rice leaf senescence during grain filling. Further study showed that the degradation of chlorophyll and the decline of the soluble protein content were slowed down, and the superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities were higher as well as the malondialdehyde content were lower under T1, T2 and T3 treatments than those in control (CK). Among the soil enzymes, soil proteinase had the largest influence on the rice leaf senescence, followed by catalase, neutral phosphatase and invertase. Rice leaf senescence index during the middlelate grain filling stage was significantly correlated with rice yield.

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Estimation of Efficient Rate of Nitrogen Application for Promoting Ratooning Bud Development Using Chlorophyll Meter Reading(SPAD Value) of Flag Leaf at the Full Heading Stage of Main Crop in MidSeason Hybrid Rice XU Fuxian,XIONG Hong,ZHU Yongchuan,ZHANG Lin,GUO Xiaoyi 2009, 23(1): 51-51～56 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (513KB) ( )   The relationship between the efficient rate of nitrogen applied at the full heading stage of main crop for promoting ratooning bud development(NABD) and the chlorophyll meter reading (SPAD value) of flag leaf at the full heading stage of main crop were studied using the hybrid rice combinations Ⅱ you 602,Ⅱ you 7 and Gangyou 725 as materials at different levels of basal fertilizer and fertilizer applied at the tillering stage of main crop and NABD in 2005 and 2006. The results indicated that nitrogen agronomic efficiency in main crop were increased by 31%-235% than that of NABD.There were highly significant correlations between SPAD values of flag leaf and the characteristics of sourcesink of main crop. The efficient amount of NABD were correlated with the SPAD values of flag leaf, leaf nitrogen content and total number of spikelets per m2 of main crop. There was a significant negative correlation between the efficient amount (y) of NABD and the SPAD values (x) of flag leaf of main crop (y=-25733x+1212.4，r=-0.9534*).

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Impacts of Climate Change and Its Variability on Rice Production in the Middle and Lower Valley of the Yangtze River, China GE Daokuo,JIN Zhiqing* 2009, 23(1): 57-57～64 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (222KB) ( )   Three hypothesis involving increase in climate variability（CV) in future (no change, 10% increase and 20% increase) were made, with which and outputs of the three GCMs (GISS, GFDL and UKMO), combined with the local Baseline weather at 19 sites in the middle and lower valley of the Yangtze River, China, 9 doubled CO2 climate change scenarios with CV consideration were generated using the weather generator(WGEN) in the DecisionSupport System for Agriculture Transfer (DSSAT) at each site. The genetic parameters of the CERESRice were modified using the Try and Error method and then calibrated and validated to examine its suitability in the studied regions, adopting the local statistical yield data (1979-1998)，combined with the local rice ecological experiments or regional varietal trials, as well as the synchronous meteorological and soil data at each site. Finally, the CERESRice was run again under the 9 scenarios and the Baseline, combined with the computation of evapotranspiration ratio (β) and the fluctuation coefficient, the effects of both climate change and its variability (CC+ΔCV) on rice production were assessed. The main results of this study were as follows: when CO2 doubled, with increase of CV, the heat damage induced by high temperature would become increasingly acute for different patterns of rice cropping systems in the studied regions, meanwhile, the low temperature stress would be significantly weakened for both early and late rice; There might be no obvious change in moisture conditions during rice growing season, but the probabilities occurring seasonal drought and rainstorm would increase; Rice growth duration under different cropping systems or irrigation patterns in the studied regions would be significantly shortened, however, ΔCV exerted no effect on rice growth duration; The simulated yields of both single and doublecropping rice, including irrigated and rainfed rice would be obviously reduced under the CC+ΔCV scenarios, compared with that under the CC scenarios and the yield reduction in the middle valley would be greater than that in the lower valley of the Yangtze River, singlecropping and late rice would be more significant than early rice and decreasing yield under the UKMO and GISS scenarios would be more serious than that under the GFDL scenario; With increasing ΔCV, not only the simulated yields further decreased compared with the control (ΔCV=0%), but also the yield stability reduced, indicating that the yield fluctuation coefficient would increase, however, perfect irrigation conditions would mitigate the yield fluctuations differing in years.

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Induction of Ethephon on Aerenchyma Formation in Rice Roots KONG Yu ,WANG Zhong ,GU Yunjie ,XIONG Fei ,CHEN Gang ,HAN Ying 2009, 23(1): 65-65～70 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (4145KB) ( )   The effects of ethephon on the constitutive aerenchyma formation in the roots were studied with Yangdao 6 as material. The results showed that the number of air spaces formed by disintegrated cells in mediopellis increased significantly with the rising ethephon concentrations, while superoxide dismutase enzyme activity showed downward trends. Compared with the control, the expression levels of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase(XET) gene were markedly higher both at apical 10 mm and distal part of roots in the 100 mg/L ethephon treated plants. The accumulation of XET gene was supposed to be associated with the aerenchyma development. Furthermore, earlier cortical cell death was observed under ethephon treatment，most of nucleus of cells at 4 mm from the root apex disintegrated with many Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and membranebound vesicles around the cell wall.

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Fitness of the Small Brown Planthopper （Laodelphax striatellus） on Different Plants QIAO Hui ,LIU Fang ,LUO Ju ,LAI Fengxiang ,FU Qiang ,WANG Hua di ,DAI De jiang 2009, 23(1): 71-71～78 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (4758KB) ( )   The development and reproduction of the small brown planthopper (SBPH) on 57 plants including Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Sorghum vulgare and Echinochloa crusgalli were studied by the caging method in laboratory. The results indicated that nymphal development duration, emergence rate, adult weight, adult longevity and fecundity of SBPH on different plants were significantly different. According to principal component analysis and population trend index analysis, five plants (Echinochloa crusgalli etc.) were the most suitable host plants, with the emergence rates of SBPH on these plants ranging from 59.4% to 86.9%, and the population trend indexes above 27.8. Nine plants (Lolium perenne etc.) were also suitable for the small brown planthopper, 27.0%-64.5% individuals could emerge on those plants with the population trend indexes above 10. Five plants such as Eleusine indica were scarcely suitable for the survival of SBPH, with 13.0%-35.6% emergence rate, and 1-10 population trend index. Thirteen plants (Bromus inermi etc.) were unfit for SBPH’s survival, less than 10% individuals could emerge on them, with the population trend indexes below 1. Nymphs of SBPH on other twentyfive plants such as Zea mays could not emerge. Lolium maloiforam, Beckmannia syzigachne, Polypogon fugax, Poa acroleuca, Avena fatua and Capsella bursapastoris were the newlyconfirmed host plants.

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Laboratory Screening of Alternatives to HighlyToxic Insecticides for Controlling the WhiteBacked Planthopper, Sogatella furcifera and Resistance Risk Assessment to Imidacloprid in Rice LI Shuyong,#,LIU Xue ,#,GAO Congfen,BO Xianping,SU Jianya,WANG Yanhua,YU Lun,YAN Xin,SHEN Jinliang,YANG Jun,TAO Lingmei 2009, 23(1): 79-79～84 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (226KB) ( )   To screen alternative insecticides for controlling the whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), toxicities of 21 insecticides fallen into seven categories against the third instar nymphs of Sogatella furcifera, which were collected from Jiangpu District, Nanjing, China were evaluated by the rice stem dipping method in 2006 and 2007. The results indicated that thiamethoxam, buprofezin and imidacloprid had the highest toxicities (LC50=0.04-0.26 mg/L); nitenpyram, butylenefipronil, pymetrozine, acetamiprid, imidaclothiz, chlorpyrifos and fipronil showed good efficacy (LC50＜4.50 mg/L), suggesting that the above insecticides were potential alternatives to highlytoxic insecticides for field trials. Although isoprocarb and dichlorvos showed less efficacy (LC50＞19.85 mg/L), these two insecticides were also recommended as the alternatives because they are being applied widely in practice. According to the yeartoyear variation in susceptibility of Sogatella furcifera to the insecticides between 2006 and 2007， it was noted that the susceptibilities to chlorpyrifos, isoprocarb, carbosulfan, metolcarb were significantly reduced, with the reducing rate of 2.0 to 2.5fold. With continuous selection with imidacloprid for 15 generations, the LC50 of the population collected from Jiangpu in 2006 increased by 4.33fold and its realized heritability (h2) was 0.2295. In addition, integrated management strategies for the whitebacked planthopper were also proposed.

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Effects of Different Fertilization Systems on Ammonia Volatilization from DoubleRice Cropping Field in Red Soil Region WU Pingping ,LIU Jinjian,YANG Xiuxia,SHANG Qingyin,ZHOU Yi,XIE Xiaoli,SHEN Qirong,GUO Shiwei 2009, 23(1): 85-85～93 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (3809KB) ( )   Ammonia volatilization from doublerice cropping field in red paddy soil was determined in a closed airflow chamber under different fertilization systems. Ammonia volatilization under different fertilization systems exhibited a similar trend, with a peak 1-3 days after fertilization and a subsequent decline, and almost no emission after a week. Ammonia volatilization rate increased with fertilizer application rate. During the early rice growth, the accumulation of N loss via ammonia volatilization after fertilization was 1.6-3.6 kg/hm2 for basal fertilizer and 5.8-18.2 kg/hm2 for fertilizer topdressed at the tillering stage, and during the late rice growth, the accumulation of N loss via ammonia volatilization was 45-7.9 kg/hm2 for basal fertilizer, 12.3-26.8 kg/hm2 for fertilizer todressed at the tillering stage and 1.4-2.4 kg/hm2 for fertilizer topdressed at the panicle initiation stage. The total accumulation in the early and the late rice growth period occupied 4.5%-15.3% and 16.9%-32.8% of the total of fertilizer application, respectively. Compared to the control, urea application could promote ammonia volatilization, and more N was lost through ammonia volatilization under the conditions of equal N application and zero P application. The supplement of more rice straw and green manure also showed a positive relationship with ammonia volatilization, so did NH4+N concentration, water pH and climate conditions(light, temperature and rainfall etc.).

研究简报

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Mapping of QTL for Cooking Quality Traits of Rice SHAO Gaoneng,TANG Shaoqing,JIAO Guiai,LUO Ju,TANG Ao,HU Peisong* 2009, 23(1): 94-94～98 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (676KB) ( )   A recombinant inbred population consisting of 190 lines, derived from the cross of a javanica （D50） and an indica （HB277） rice was used to investigate the genetic factors affecting cooking quality of rice. A total of 102 simple sequence repeat（SSR） markers were used to construct a genetic linkage map spanning 1226.4 cM on total 12 chromosomes, with an average interval of 12.02 cM. By Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5, a total of six quantitative trait loci（QTLs） were identified for the three traits, two for amylose content （AC）, one for alkali spreading value （ASV）, three for gel consistency （GC）. Three QTLs (qAC6, qGC6 and qASV6) could stably express and had significant additive effects in Hangzhou and Hainan. qAC6 and qGC6governing AC and GC respectively were flanked by RM508 and RM587 on the short arm of chromosome 6, and qASV6 governing ASV was flanked by RM111 and RM3438 on the same chromosome.

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Correlation Analysis Between RVA Profile Characteristics and Quality in Rice LI Gang,DENG Qiming,LI Shuangcheng,WANG Shiquan,LI Ping 2009, 23(1): 99-99～102 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (33KB) ( )   A total of 106 rice varieties were employed to study the relationship between RVA profile characteristics and rice quality, including the appearance quality and cooking quality. Results indicated that chalky grain rate was positively correlated with breakdown and setback of RVA profile, with correlation coefficients of -0.43** and 0.40**, respectively. RVA profile characteristics had significant correlations with amylose content and gel consistency in the varieties with low amylose content or waxy varieties, whereas not significant in the varieties with high or medium amylose content. Amylose content was positively correlated with RVA profile characteristics except for breakdown and setback in waxy varieties, with correlation coefficients over 0.85. Thus, it is concluded that the less amylose content is, the more significant correlation between amylose content and RVA profile in rice.

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Relation of Amylose Content Selection with Quality and Yield Traits of Cross Progenies in Rice LIU Haiying,LI Xiaoguang,LIU Hongliang,HUANG Xing,XU Meilan,JIN Zhengxun* 2009, 23(1): 103-103～106 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (34KB) ( )   Influence of amylose content selection in cross progenies of rice during breeding on quality and yield traits was studied using two crosses derived from four japonica rice varieties with significantly different amylose contents (Xixuan 1×Tong 769 and Dongnong 423×Foukei 180). The results showed that the effects of the amylose content selection on cooking and eating quality properties and yield traits in cross progenies varied with crosses and traits. Breakdown viscosity, setback viscosity, number of productive panicles per plant, seed setting rate and grain weight per plant were all affected largely by the amylose content selection. Progenies with different amylose contents could be separated and selected through successive directional selection for amylose content. The directional selection effect for low amylose content was better than that for high amylose content in cross progenies of japonica rice and the lines with low amylose content below their low parent value could be obtained easily. It was observed that the effects of the amylose content selection were complex, being advantageous or disadvantageous to yield related traits of cross progenies. Selection for low amylose content during breeding would result in descending in grain weight per plant.

实验技术

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RealTime Fluorescence PCR Method for Detection of Burkholderia glumae from Rice HUAI Yan#,XU Lihui#,YU Shanhong,XIE Guanlin* 2009, 23(1): 107-107～110 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (716KB) ( )   Burkholderia glumae causing seedling rot and grain rot of rice was listed as a plant quarantine disease of China in 2007. It’s quite necessary to set up effective detection methods for the pathogen in order to prevent further spread of this disease. The realtime PCR method was compared with classical PCR to develop an accurate, rapid and sensitive method to detect the pathogen in the seed quarantine for effective management of the disease. The results showed that all the tested strains of B. glumae produced about 139 bp specific fragments by the realtime PCR and the general PCR method, while others showed negative PCR result. Comparing the sensitivity of these two detecting methods, about 104 CFU/mL of the bacterial suspension were detected by general PCR and below 102 CFU /mL could only be detected by the realtime fluorescence PCR method. B. glumae can be detected when the healthy seeds and inoculated seeds are mixed with a proportion of 1∶100.