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10 May 2009, Volume 23 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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综述与专论
研究报告
实验技术
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综述与专论

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Discussion on Germplasm and Gene Utilization in Breeding of Super Rice CHENG Shihua,CAO Liyong,ZHUANG Jieyun,WU Weiming 2009, 23(3): 223-228 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (233KB) ( )   Breeding of super rice is a new breeding method based on semidwarf breeding and utilization of heterosis in rice. It is the result of utilization of germplasms or genes and its interaction with environment. The paper reviews the current status of integrative utilization of germplasms and genes in the breeding of super rice in China. It deals with gene introgression of indica and japonica, pyramiding and using of yield QTLs in cultivated rice, exploitation and use of the genes related with highyielding, resistance to pests, plant and root architectures. Nowadays agronomical important genes and their closelylinked molecular markers are not enough to supply the strong basis for molecular breeding of super rice. The common cross breeding is still an effective method in breeding of super rice through interactive use of the rice germplasms. Therefore it is necessary to make great efforts to develop wideadaptable super rice or green super rice through exploitation of genes related with highyielding, high quality, resistance to pests and diseases, and tolerance to stresses. The modern molecular breeding methods in combination with common cross techniques should be adopted in the program of super rice breeding.

研究报告

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Genetic PositionBased Comparative Study of Quantitative Trait Loci for Major Traits Between Rice and Maize CHEN Zhijun,TANG Zaixiang,SONG Wen,XU Chenwu* 2009, 23(3): 229-236 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (1912KB) ( )   Fifteen common traits of rice and maize among almost all the published QTL mapping information, such as plant height, were collected and arranged, which were integrated into common genetic map according to the QTL genetic position. Comparative study was implemented at the genome QTL level between rice and maize. The results indicated that the QTL mapping frequencies for any trait on different chromosome regions were different, and there were several hot spot regions. The region with high frequency might mean high expression of the specific traits under various genetic background and environmental conditions. In these regions, there was higher probability to detect the highheritability QTL. QTL hot spot regions often overlaped for different traits. It may result from genes underlying different traits, which were condensed on the chromosome and close linked to form a gene cluster. It can also be the result of pleiotropy, that is, one gene influences several traits. These active regions simultaneously controlling different traits are vital to the crop genetic improvement.

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SSR Analysis of Genetic Variation in Chinese Major Inbred Rice Varieties WEI Xinghua,YUAN Xiaoping,YU Hanyong,WANG Yiping,XU Qun,TANG Shengxiang 2009, 23(3): 237-244 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (4652KB) ( )   A total of 40 SSR markers were used to assess the genetic variation in 329 Chinese major inbred rice varieties planted during the past 50 years. Of the 40 SSR loci, 39 were polymorphic while one locus (RM479) was monomorphic. All the 39 polymorphic loci revealed a total of 223 alleles. The mean number of alleles per locus (Na) was 5.7 with a range from 2 to 11. Total genetic diversity index of Nei (He) varied greatly among loci from 0.221 at RM174 to 0.873 at RM418, with an average value of 0.632. There existed visible difference in SSR allelic diversity between indica and japonica subspecies. Indica showed more variation than japonica both for Na (indica: 5.4; japonica: 4.4) and He (indica: 0.440; japonica: 0.397). The whole set of Chinese major rice varieties had smaller genetic identity (I = 0.366 ) than that of indica （I=0.558) and japonica rice (I=0.600). The narrow genetic base within subspecies was mainly due to the close relationship among primary parents in breeding programs. The differences among three season types were obvious in Nei′s genetic identity indexes, of which lateseason indica rice and earlyseason japonica rice had higher genetic variation. Cluster analysis indicated that the genetic distances between Chinese major rice varieties were season type and rice regiondependant, especially in japonica rice. Therefore, it is suggested that more alien elite genetic resources should be exploited in the rice breeding for broadening the genetic base of Chinese rice varieties.

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Construction of SSR Linkage Map and Analysis of QTL for Rolled Leaf of Restorer Line in japonica Rice (Oryza sativa) GUO Yuan,CHENG Baoshan ,HONG Delin 2009, 23(3): 245-251 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (1894KB) ( )   SSR marker genotypes and phenotypes of flag leaf rolling index (LRI) were investigated in Xiushui 79 (P1, a japonica variety), C Bao(P2, a japonica restorer line) and 254 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross between Xiushui 79 and C Bao in japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.). A genetic map of the cross was constructed. QTLs for LRI were detected and their interaction with environments was analyzed. Among 818 pairs of SSR primers detected, 90 primers amplified polymorphic products between P1 and P2. Twelve markers showed highly significant correlations with LRI in both two environments based on single marker regression analysis. A genetic map containing 74 information loci was constructed, which covers a total distance of 744.6 cM, averaging 10.1 cM between two loci. Three QTLs (qRL1, qRL7 and qRL81) were detected with two analysis softwares WinQTLcart 2.5 and QTLNetwork 2.0. qRL81 was a new locus, accounting for 155% and 12.8% of phenotypic variation in the two environments, respectively. Phenotypic variation explained by additive effect was 6.6%. No interaction was found between qRL81 genotype and environments.

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Genetic Analysis and Gene Mapping of a New Mutant of dwarf and disproportionate uppermostinternode1 (ddu1) in Rice HU Jiang,ZENG Dali,ZHANG Guangheng,GUO Longbiao,DONG Guojun,GAO Zhenyu,HU Xingming,ZHU Li,LIU Jian,QIAN Qian* 2009, 23(3): 252-256 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (1105KB) ( )   Abstract: A dwarf mutant ddu1 was originally identified from a japonica cultivar Lansheng by ethyl methanesulfonate（EMS） treatment. The elongation of the second leaf sheath in response to GA3 treatment and αamylase induction in embryoless half seeds suggested the dwarfism was not the mutation of GA biosynthesis and signal transduction. Reciprocal cross with Minghui 63, Zhefu 802 and Nipponbare were made to establish genetic population and genetic analysis showed that the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene. Allelic test indicated that it was not allelic with d1, d18, eui1 and eui2. The marker RM427 linked to ddu1 was obtained by the SSR and STS molecular marker screening and the gene was finally located between the STS molecular markers R5309 and R3742 with the distances of 0.4 and 2.0 cM respectively in 475 kb on chromosome 7.

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Effect of Maize PEPC Gene in Different Genetic Backgrounds of CMS Maintainers and Tolerance to Photooxidation in the PEPC Transgenic Line XIANG Xunchao ,HE Libin ,SUN Jianming ,LI Jihang ,YAO Yanping,LI Ping 2009, 23(3): 257-262 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (154KB) ( )   To examine the effects of PEPC expression on photosynthetic traits and agronomic traits, eight crosses were made using Kitaake with PEPC and Kitaake as male parents and Zhenshan 97B, K17B, Ⅱ32B and G2480B as female parents, respectively. All the F1s of combinations with PEPC were increased in the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and PEPCase activity in leaves. There was only a decrease in K17B/PEPC for transpiration rate. Relative values of general combining ability (GCA) of Pn, stomatal conductance, and PEPCase activity in leaves for Zhenshan 97B were larger than those for the other maintainer lines. The number of effective panicles, seed setting rate and grain yield per plant of G2480B/PEPC were increased by 31.46%, 1.39fold and 1.83fold, respectively, and the 1000grain weight was increased by 784%. Even if the seed setting rate and 1000grain weight of Zhenshan 97B/PEPC increased significantly,the grain yield per plant decreased significantly by 9.84% because of shortened panicle length. Relative values of GCA of panicle length, number of spikelets per panicle, seed setting rate and grain yield per plant for G2480B were the largest among the tested maintainer lines, and the smallest for Zhenshan 97B. Kitaake with PEPC was more tolerant to photooxidation than Kitaake. The results suggest that PEPC has an important effect on increasing photosynthetic capacity and grain yield of the maintainer lines. G2480B should be selected when to screen indica maintainer by molecular markerassisted selection, because expression abundance of PEPC is higher and its positive effect on increasing seed setting rate and grain yield per plant is the best.

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Improving Resistance of a GoodQuality japonica Variety Wuyujing 3 to Rice Stripe Virus via Molecular MarkerAssisted Selection ZHANG Honggen#,LI Bo#,ZHU Zhengbin,CUI Xiaofen,TANG Shuzhu*, LIANG Guohua, GU Minghong 2009, 23(3): 263-270 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (1137KB) ( )   A molecular markerassisted selection strategy was used to improve the resistance of Wuyujing 3 to rice stripe disease(RSD). A resistant variety Dular in which two linked QTLs qSTV11b and qSTV11c for the resistance to RSD on chromosome 11 were identified in the former research was used as the resistant donor parent and Wuyujing 3 as the recurrent parent. From BC1F1, all the individuals were analyzed with four markers anchoring qSTV11b and qSTV11c. The individuals with the bands from Dular were selected for continual backcrossing. From BC2F1, the individuals with the bands of the four markers from Dular was selfed. From BC2F2 the progeny with homologous markers as Dular was harvested. By the dynamic clustering analysis of the backcross progeny, 9 individuals of BC3F2 generation, 31 individuals of BC4F1 generation and Wuyujiang 3 were grouped together. Finally, a number of lines carrying the diseaseresistance genes have been obtained. Two BC2F3 lines with homozygous diseaseresistance genotype, which have excellent agronomic characters and output and quality characters have also been obtained.

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Genetic Mechanism of the Dominant Earliness in Kefeng A, a New Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Line in Rice XIAO Yu long,YU Chuan yuan,LEI Jian guo,LI Mazhong,JIANG Ling,WAN Jian min 2009, 23(3): 271-276 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (46KB) ( )   Kefeng A is an early maturing cytoplasmic male sterile line of indica rice. Hybrids derived from Kefeng A and late maturity indica restorer lines showed dominant earliness. To understand the genetic basis of dominant earliness, genotype of photoperiod sensitivity genes in Kefeng A was analyzed using a set of heading time near isogenic lines EG0 to EG7, ER, LR, T65, T65Eb, T65Ebm, T65m, NIL(Hd1） and NIL(Hd4). Results indicated that the genotype of photoperiod sensitivity genes for heading time in Kefeng A was E1E1e2e2E3E3Se1uSe1uEf1Ef1. Based on the detected heading time genotype, in combination with the heading time of Kefeng A and the early maturing phenomenon in its F1 hybrids, it was speculated that Kefeng A carries a dominant inhibitor gene for the dominant photoperiod sensitive gene E1， putatively designated SuE1, and a recessive inhibitor gene for another dominant photoperiod sensitive gene Se1, namely iSe1. The reason why F1 hybrids derived from Kefeng A exhibited earliness was analyzed and the breeding value of dominant earliness related genes in Kefeng A was discussed.

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Evolution Characteristics of Plant Type During Genetic Improvement in Early Season indica Rice YUAN Jiang,WANG Danying,DING Yanfeng,LIAO Xiyuan,ZHANG Xiufu,WANG Shaohua 2009, 23(3): 277-281 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (38KB) ( )   Twentyeight early season indica rice cultivars released from 1934 to 2006 and widely planted ever in south China were selected and classified into four rice genotypes, i.e. tall cultivar, dwarf cultivar, dwarf and resistant cultivar, goodquality and super rice cultivar. Some evolutional characteristics of leaf, stem and panicle types were systemically investigated under conventional cultivation conditions in 2008. During the evolution, the top 3 leaves became straighter, erecter, shorter, and thicker. Every internode became shorter and thicker especially the basal internode and internode below panicle, the density of internode became larger, while the weight of leaf sheath had no change. Grain number per panicle, secondary branch number, grain density per panicle were significantly improved. The results indicate that more attention should be paid on increasing leaf length but keeping the present leaf curvature for leaf type, on increasing the thickness of basal internode and the length of the internode below panicle for stem type, and on increasing grains per panicle and branch number for panicle type in early season indica rice breeding.

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Effects of Water Management Methods on Grain Yield and FertilizerNitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice LIU Lijun,XUE Yaguang,SUN Xiaolin,WANG Zhiqin,YANG Jianchang* 2009, 23(3): 282-288 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (45KB) ( )   With indica hybrids Shanyou 63 and Fengyouxiangzhan and japonica varieties Wuyujing 3 and 9516 as materials, effects of midseason drainage(MD), alternate irrigation during grain filling(AI) and drycultivated method(DC) on grain yield and fertilizernitrogen(N) use efficiency in rice were investigated. Compared with shallow water irrigation, MD significantly increased grain yield. Effect of AI on grain yield varied with N applied rates. Under normal N applied rate (240 kg/hm2), AI had no significant effect on grain yield, whereas under high N applied rate (300 kg/hm2), AI significantly increased grain yield. There were no significant difference in grain yield between DC and moistcultivation. MD significantly increased fertilizerN use efficiency except for Wuyujing 3. Under high N applied rate, AI increased agronomic and physiological efficiencies of fertilizernitrogen. DC was beneficial to enhance recovery efficiency of fertilizerN in rice.

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Some Related Traits in Conventional indica Rice Cultivars with High Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Grain Yield DONG Guichun,LI Jinqian,ZHANG biao,ZHOU Juan,ZHANG Chuansheng,ZHANG Yuefang,YANG Lianxin,HUANG Jianye,WANG Yulong* 2009, 23(3): 289-296 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (3962KB) ( )   Eightyeight and one hundred and twentytwo conventional indica rice cultivars were solutioncultured in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Dry matter weight (including root system, culm and sheath, leaves and panicle), nitrogen content of different organs, yield and its components, growth duration, plant height, percentage of productive tillers and spikelet traits were investigated. The tested rice cultivars were classified into six types based on their levels of nitrogen use efficiency for grain output (NUEg) by the MinSSw method, to study their difference in growth duration, plant height, percentage of productive tillers and panicle traits. Cultivars with higher NUEg showed shorter growth duration especially days from sowing to heading, and NUEg was negatively correlated with days from sowing to heading. No significant relation between NUEg and plant height was found. The cultivars with higher NUEg had higher percentage of productive tillers which was closely correlated with translocation of dry matter and nitrogen. The spikelet density was higher while panicle length was shorter in cultivars with higher NUEg.

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Effects and Its Mechanism of Light and Nitrogen Level on the Exchanges of NOx (NO and NO2 ) in Rice Phyllosphere at the Tillering Stage XU Shengguang,CHEN Nengchang, *,ZHOU Jianmin,WU Qitang,BI De,LU Weisheng 2009, 23(3): 297-303 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (2677KB) ( )   The effects of light and nitrogen level on the exchanges of NOx (NO,NO2 ) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) phyllosphere at the tillering stage and the mechanism were studied by using chamber method and online examination system. There were significant effects of NO emission and NO2 uptake in rice phyllosphere, the mean rates of NO emission and NO2 uptake were 2.48 and 0.116 μg/(pot·h) under the light density regulated strictly in a growth chamber (L1 treatment), and were 2.84 and 0.175 μg/(pot·h) under without light controlling in laboratory(L2 treatment), respectively. Further more, NO emission was also occurred ever if the NO content of ambient air exceeded 200 μg/m3. Without light controlling in laboratory, NO emission from rice plant significantly increased in 0-5 days after nitrogen application, and then decreased gradually. Followed with the rate of nitrogen increased from 0 to 80 mg/L NH4NO3N, NO emission increased as a whole, but was not decreased significantly under no nitrogen nutrient or low level of N (10 mg/L NH4NO3N) in shortterm ( 0-7 days). The rate of NO2 uptake was also promoted under the increasing nitrogen (0-60 mg/L NH4NO3N). In shortterm (1-2 days) after nitrogen application, the effects of NOx emission in rice phyllosphere from the time at low light density (6:00-10:00) to the time at high light density (10:00-14:00) were stimulated by favorable illumination in the growth chamber, but inhibited evidently from illumination incessantly with strong light at 14:00-18:00. However, both NO emission and NO2 uptake in rice phyllosphere could also be restrained accordingly with the time of darkness prolonged at night. And, there was increasing of NO2 uptake with the time of light illumination prolonging, but NO2 uptake was not affected evidently by the change of light density at daytime. Moreover, both NO emission and NO2 uptake were enhanced when the air of chamber displaced by ambient air continuously in laboratory.

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Effects of Temperature, Humidity and Different Growth Stages of Rice on the Vertical Migration of Aphelenchoides besseyi SUN Minjie,LIU Weihong,LIN Maosong 2009, 23(3): 304-308 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (868KB) ( )   The vertical migration of Aphelenchoides besseyi under different temperature and humidity conditions and in different rice growth stages were investigated. It was found that the optimum temperature for development and reproduction of A. besseyi was 25℃ to 30℃. At the same temperature, the rate of vertical migration increased with the rising relative humidity. Artificial inoculation tests showed that at the rice elongation stage, nematodes mainly survived on the upper and middle parts of rice stem, and the number decreased by 50% at 20 days after inoculation compared with that at 5 days after inoculation. Whereas at the rice booting stage, nematodes gathered in young panicle and reproduced quickly, and twenty days after inoculation the number was 3 times as many as that at 5 days after inoculation.

实验技术

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RealTime TaqManFluorescence Quantitative RT-PCR Assay for Detection and Quantification of mRNA of GA20ox-2 in Rice GAO Dong,HE Xiahong,WANG Yunyue,LI Chengyun,ZHU Youyong* 2009, 23(3): 309-314 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (938KB) ( )   A technique for realtime quantification of GA20ox-2 expression in rice using TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR with specific primers and probe was established. The preparation of standard plasmid DNA for realtime quantification of transcripts of GA20ox-2 had a good practicability in the established system. The technique was exact, authentic and convenient. Standard curve showed the established system had a strict specificity and sensitivity, and had a 102 to 107 copies respondent capability of initiative templates, and had a good stability and repeatability, with the coefficients of variation in intra and interbatch were 0.12% to 0.31% and 0.21% to 0.34%, respectively. There were a high PCR efficiency (E=1003%) and a good linear relationship between threshold cycle value at which sample crosses threshold and the logarithmic value of template concentration (correlation coefficient = 0.999). A series of standards for realtime PCR analysis have been constructed successfully, and realtime TaqManfluorescence quantitative RTPCR is reliable to quantitatively evaluate mRNA of GA20ox-2 in rice.

研究简报

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Genetic Analysis and Gene Mapping of a Rice Tiller Angle Mutant tac2 FANG Likui,SANG Xianchun,YANG Zhenglin,LING Yinghua,WANG Nan,HE Guanghua* 2009, 23(3): 315-318 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (1180KB) ( )   A tiller angle controlling 2(tac2) mutant was obtained by ethyl methanesulfonate(EMS) mutagenesis from a restorer line Jinhui 10. At the seedling stage, tac2 displayed normal phenotype and its tiller angle significantly increased at the tillering stage compared with wild type. A preliminary physiological research indicated that the mutant was sensitive to gibberellic acid. TAC2 and TAC1 maybe control the tiller angle in the same way. Genetic analysis showed that the mutant trait was controlled by a major recessive gene located at chromosome 9 using SSR markers. The genetic distances between TAC2 and its nearest markers RM3320 and RM201 were 19.2 and 16.7 cM, respectively.

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QTL Analysis of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters in Rice Seedlings under Salt Stress SHEN Bo,JIANG Jing,YU Weidong,FAN Yeyang, ZHUANG Jieyun 2009, 23(3): 319-322 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (2236KB) ( )   By employing a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 247 lines derived from an indicaindica cross Zhenshan 97B×Milyang 46, a linkage map consisting of 250 DNA markers was constructed for QTL mapping of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under normal conditions and salt stress (0.7% NaCl). Seven QTLs for chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fo, Fm and ΦPSⅡ) of rice leaf were detected on chromosomes 1, 4, 5 and 11 under normal conditions and salt stress, explaining 5.98% to 1074% of phenotypic variations. One QTL for Fm under normal conditions and one QTL for Fo under salt stress were located in the same interval CDO82-RG413 on chromosome 5, indicating the pleiotropism of this region.

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Comparative Study on Morphological Differentiation and Genetic Differentiation in Filial Generation of Cross Between indica and japonica Rice MAO Ting,XU Hai,GUO Yanhua,ZHU Chunjie,CHEN Kai,WANG Jiayu,XU Zhengjin* 2009, 23(3): 323-326 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (1209KB) ( )   A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of F8 and F9 generations derived from a cross between Qishanzhan (typical indica) and Akihikari (typical japonica) were used as materials to study the morphological differentiation based on phenotype and genetic differentiation based on indica and japonica specific SSR markers and to evaluate whether vascular bundle characters could be a supplement to the method based on the Cheng′s index to discriminate indica and japonica. The results showed that the frequency distribution of morphological differentiations and genetic differentiations in the filial generation were all japonicalinous. The population was more japonicalinous based on the frequency distribution of genetic differentiation than on that of morphological differentiation. The consistence degree of classification based on the vascular bundle characters or the Cheng′s index was about 50% compared with the genetic differentiation. The consistence degree of classification based on the total scores of the Cheng′s index and the scores based on the vascular bundle characters was about 80% compared with the genetic differentiation. It is suggested that vascular bundle characters could be used as a helpful supplement for subspecies classification.

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A Preliminary Study on the Application Value of Threeway Cross Hybrid Between Upland and Lowland Rice ZHANG Anning,WANG Feiming,YU Xinqiao,LI Mingshou,LIANG Wenbing,MEI Hanwei , LUO Lijun 2009, 23(3): 327-330 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (30KB) ( )   ZZA(lowland rice CMS line)，Huhan 1B (upland rice maintainer line) and Hanhui 3 (upland rice restorer line) were selected to make a threeway cross hybrid (ZZA/Huhan 1B//Hanhui 3, namely TCH) and two single cross hybrids (ZZA/Hanhui 3 as CK1 and Huhan 1A/Hanhui 3 as CK2). Their major agronomic traits, yield and its components, drought resistance and rice grain quality were investigated. The variation coefficient of TCH was similar to CKs in plant height, chlorophyll content, panicle length, and so on. The heading duration of TCH population was longer than those of CKs. The yield potential of TCH was higher than those of CKs, increasing by 17.33% and 25.63% in 2006, 357% and 11.71% in 2007, respectively. TCH showed stronger drought resistance(the drought resistance coefficient was 51.21%) superior to CKs and parents. There was no significant difference on rice grain quality between TCH and CKs. TCH had larger genetic diversity, indicating the promising application in rice breeding and production.

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Hyperspectral Recognition of Rice Damaged by Rice Leaf Roller Based on Support Vector Machine SHI Jingjing,LIU Zhanyu,ZHANG Lili,ZHOU Wan,HUANG Jingfeng 2009, 23(3): 331-334 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (154KB) ( )   The spectra of healthy leaves and leaves damaged by the rice leaf roller were measured and analyzed by the method of continuum removal. In the range of 430-530 nm and 560-730 nm, the band depth and slope were extracted. Then the extracted parameters were chosen as the input vector of the support vector machine (SVM) to design a support vector classifier for the recognition of the leaves damaged by the rice leaf roller. The results confirmed that the classification precision of the SVM with radial basis function(RBF) kernel function was as high as 100% when γ and C were 0.25 and 1, respectively. This could provide theoretic basis for farmers to recognize the rice leaf damaged by the rice leaf roller ontime and control it effectively.