Seed Germination, Seedling Emergence Characteristics and Response of Panicum bisulcatum to Pre- and Post-emergence Herbicides in Paddy Field

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220706

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】Panicum bisulcatum is an annual grass weed widely distributed in China and is becoming increasingly problematic in paddy fields in some regions. This research aims to investigate the seed germination and seedling emergence characteristics and screen effective herbicides for control of this weed.【Methods】Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of temperature, light, osmotic and salt stress, seed burial depth, flooding depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of P. bisulcatum and evaluate the response of this weed to commonly available pre- and post-emergence herbicides in rice.【Results】1) In the light/dark regime, the germination rate was greater than 95% under a wide temperature range of 20℃/10℃(day/night) to 35℃/25℃ and significantly higher in alternate light/dark conditions as compared with that in continuous dark. The osmotic potential required for 50% inhibition of maximum germination was -0.35 MPa. P. bisulcatum is moderately tolerant to salt stress with germination rates greater than 50% at NaCl concentrations ranging from 0 to 250 mmol/L. 2) Seedling emergence only occurred at seed burial depths of 0 and 0.5 cm, with 78% and 18% emergence rates, respectively. Seeds can germinate and seedlings grow out of water at flooding depth of 2cm, and no germinated seeds reached water surface at flooding depth over 2cm. 3) Application of pre-emergence herbicides pretilachlor, butachlor, oxadiazon, oxadiargyl and pyraclonil provided 100% control effectiveness of P. bisulcatum at their recommended field rates. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl, penoxsulam, bispyribac-sodium, cyhalofop-butyl, metamifop and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl provided greater than 95% control of P. bisulcatum at the 2- to 4-leaf stages, however, only metamifop and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl provided greater than 90% control of P. bisulcatum at the 6-leaf stage.【Conclusion】 The results contribute to an insight into the germination and emergence of P. bisulcatum, and illustrate the role of seed burial by tillage, flooding, and herbicide screening according to its leaf-age as effective measures for the control of P. bisulcatum in paddy fields.

Key words: Panicum bisulcatum, seed germination, seedling emergence, herbicide screening, rice

摘要：

【目的】糠稷已成为我国局部水稻田主要恶性杂草之一。明确糠稷的种子萌发和出苗特性，探索化学防除技术具有重要意义。【方法】通过室内及温室试验，测定了温度、光照、盐和渗透胁迫、水层深度、土层深度对糠稷种子萌发及出苗的影响，并评估了水稻田常用苗前封闭和苗后茎叶除草剂对糠稷的防效。【结果】1）糠稷种子在20/10℃(昼/夜)~35/25℃温度范围萌发率均大于95%，且光照/黑暗交替处理的萌发率大于持续黑暗处理。糠稷萌发率随水势降低而下降，−0.35 MPa的水势对其种子萌发的抑制率达50%。250 mmol/L NaCl处理后糠稷萌发率大于50%，表明其耐盐胁迫能力较强。2）糠稷仅能在0~0.5 cm土层深度萌发出苗，播种深度大于0.5 cm时未见其出苗。水层大于2 cm时糠稷幼苗无法长出水面。3）在田间推荐剂量下，丙草胺、丁草胺、噁草酮、丙炔噁草酮和双唑草腈苗前土壤喷雾对糠稷防效100%，氯氟吡啶酯、五氟磺草胺、双草醚、氰氟草酯、噁唑酰草胺和精噁唑禾草灵可防除95%以上2~4叶期糠稷，在糠稷6叶期时选用噁唑酰草胺和精噁唑禾草灵，防治效果亦可达到90%以上。【结论】明确了环境因子对糠稷种子萌发和出苗的影响及稻田除草剂对该杂草防除效果，表明通过耕作将糠稷种子带入深土层，在幼苗早期保持水层，根据其不同叶龄选择适宜除草剂，可有效治理水稻田糠稷。

关键词: 糠稷, 种子萌发, 出苗, 除草剂筛选, 水稻

ZHENG Chengmei, SUN Jinqiu, LIU Mengjie, YANG Yongjie, LU Yongliang, GUO Yiqing, TANG Wei. Seed Germination, Seedling Emergence Characteristics and Response of Panicum bisulcatum to Pre- and Post-emergence Herbicides in Paddy Field[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2023, 37(3): 321-328.

郑承梅, 孙金秋, 刘梦杰, 杨永杰, 陆永良, 郭怡卿, 唐伟. 水稻田糠稷种子萌发和出苗特性及化学防除药剂筛选[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2023, 37(3): 321-328.

Figures/Tables 9

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药剂名称 Herbicide	剂型 Formulation	生产厂家 Manufacturer	处理剂量 Dose(ai)/(g·hm⁻²)
苗前封闭处理除草剂 Pre-emergence herbicide
丙草胺Pretilachlor	30% EC	江苏富田农化有限公司	562.5
丁草胺Butachlor	60% EC	南通南沈植保科技开发有限公司	1145.25
氟酮磺草胺Triafamone	19% SC	拜耳作物科学（中国）有限公司	28.5
噁草酮Oxadiazon	120 g/L EC	安徽科立华化工有限公司	405.0
丙炔噁草酮Oxadiargyl	10% EC	法国罗纳·普朗克公司	82.5
双环磺草酮Benzobicyclon	25% SE	日本史迪士生物科学株式会社	187.5
苄嘧磺隆Bensulfuron-methyl	10% WP	江苏常隆农化有限公司	33.75
吡嘧磺隆Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl	10% WP	江苏快达农化股份有限公司	22.5
嗪吡嘧磺隆Metazosulfuron	33% WG	日产化学工业株式会社	86.625
乙氧磺隆Ethoxysulfuron	15% WG	江苏江南农化有限公司	15.75
双唑草腈Pyraclonil	2% GR	湖北相和精密化学有限公司	189.0
苗后茎叶处理除草剂Post-emergence heibicide
氯氟吡啶酯Florpyrauxifen-benzyl	3% EC	美国陶氏益农公司	28.0
五氟磺草胺Penoxsulam	25 g/L EC	陶氏益农农业科技（江苏）有限公司	15.0
双草醚Bispyribac sodium	100 g/L SC	日本组合化学株式会社	26.25
氰氟草酯Cyhalofop-butyl	100 g/L EC	美国陶氏益农公司	90.0
噁唑酰草胺Metamifop	10% EC	苏州富美实植物保护剂有限公司	105.0
二氯喹啉酸Quinclorac	50% WP	浙江天一生物科技有限公司	112.5
精噁唑禾草灵Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl	6.9% EW	拜耳作物科学（中国）有限公司	56.92

药剂名称 Herbicide	剂型 Formulation	生产厂家 Manufacturer	处理剂量 Dose(ai)/(g·hm⁻²)
苗前封闭处理除草剂 Pre-emergence herbicide
丙草胺Pretilachlor	30% EC	江苏富田农化有限公司	562.5
丁草胺Butachlor	60% EC	南通南沈植保科技开发有限公司	1145.25
氟酮磺草胺Triafamone	19% SC	拜耳作物科学（中国）有限公司	28.5
噁草酮Oxadiazon	120 g/L EC	安徽科立华化工有限公司	405.0
丙炔噁草酮Oxadiargyl	10% EC	法国罗纳·普朗克公司	82.5
双环磺草酮Benzobicyclon	25% SE	日本史迪士生物科学株式会社	187.5
苄嘧磺隆Bensulfuron-methyl	10% WP	江苏常隆农化有限公司	33.75
吡嘧磺隆Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl	10% WP	江苏快达农化股份有限公司	22.5
嗪吡嘧磺隆Metazosulfuron	33% WG	日产化学工业株式会社	86.625
乙氧磺隆Ethoxysulfuron	15% WG	江苏江南农化有限公司	15.75
双唑草腈Pyraclonil	2% GR	湖北相和精密化学有限公司	189.0
苗后茎叶处理除草剂Post-emergence heibicide
氯氟吡啶酯Florpyrauxifen-benzyl	3% EC	美国陶氏益农公司	28.0
五氟磺草胺Penoxsulam	25 g/L EC	陶氏益农农业科技（江苏）有限公司	15.0
双草醚Bispyribac sodium	100 g/L SC	日本组合化学株式会社	26.25
氰氟草酯Cyhalofop-butyl	100 g/L EC	美国陶氏益农公司	90.0
噁唑酰草胺Metamifop	10% EC	苏州富美实植物保护剂有限公司	105.0
二氯喹啉酸Quinclorac	50% WP	浙江天一生物科技有限公司	112.5
精噁唑禾草灵Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl	6.9% EW	拜耳作物科学（中国）有限公司	56.92

除草剂名称 Herbicide name	鲜质量 Shoot biomass/g	鲜质量防效 Shoot biomass reduction/%	出苗株数 Emerged seedling number	株防效 Seedling mortality/%
丙草胺Pretilachlor	0	100±0 a	0	100±0 a
丁草胺Butachlor	0	100±0 a	0	100±0 a
噁草酮Oxadiazon	0	100±0 a	0	100±0 a
丙炔噁草酮Oxadiargyl	0	100±0 a	0	100±0 a
双唑草腈Pyraclonil	0	100±0 a	0	100±0 a
嗪吡嘧磺隆Metazosulfuron	1.24	96.6±3.0 ab	2.3	94.2±2.6 b
氟酮磺草胺Triafamone	2.13	94.2±3.0 b	2.7	93.3±1.7 b
吡嘧磺隆Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl	2.29	93.8±3.4 b	4.3	89.2±2.6 c
乙氧磺隆Ethoxysulfuron	2.40	93.5±3.5 b	10.7	73.3±0.8 e
苄嘧磺隆Bensulfuron-methyl	2.72	92.6±2.4 b	2.7	93.3±2.2 b
双环磺草酮Benzobicyclon	4.97	86.5±4.5 c	7.0	82.5±1.8 d
空白对照Control	36.76	--	40.0	--

除草剂名称 Herbicide name	鲜质量 Shoot biomass/g	鲜质量防效 Shoot biomass reduction/%	出苗株数 Emerged seedling number	株防效 Seedling mortality/%
丙草胺Pretilachlor	0	100±0 a	0	100±0 a
丁草胺Butachlor	0	100±0 a	0	100±0 a
噁草酮Oxadiazon	0	100±0 a	0	100±0 a
丙炔噁草酮Oxadiargyl	0	100±0 a	0	100±0 a
双唑草腈Pyraclonil	0	100±0 a	0	100±0 a
嗪吡嘧磺隆Metazosulfuron	1.24	96.6±3.0 ab	2.3	94.2±2.6 b
氟酮磺草胺Triafamone	2.13	94.2±3.0 b	2.7	93.3±1.7 b
吡嘧磺隆Pyrazosulfuron-ethyl	2.29	93.8±3.4 b	4.3	89.2±2.6 c
乙氧磺隆Ethoxysulfuron	2.40	93.5±3.5 b	10.7	73.3±0.8 e
苄嘧磺隆Bensulfuron-methyl	2.72	92.6±2.4 b	2.7	93.3±2.2 b
双环磺草酮Benzobicyclon	4.97	86.5±4.5 c	7.0	82.5±1.8 d
空白对照Control	36.76	--	40.0	--

除草剂 Herbicide	2叶龄 2-leaf age		4叶龄 4-leaf age		6叶龄6-leaf age
除草剂 Herbicide	鲜质量 Shoot biomass/g	鲜质量防效 Shoot biomass reduction/%	鲜质量 Shoot biomass/g	鲜质量防效 Shoot biomass reduction/%	鲜质量 Shoot biomass/g	鲜质量防效 Shoot biomass reduction/%
氰氟草酯Cyhalofop-butyl	0	100±0 a	0.59	97.2±0.35 a	3.63	84.6±0.88 c
噁唑酰草胺Metamifop	0	100±0 a	0.19	99.1±0.49 a	0.35	98.5±0.35 a
精噁唑禾草灵Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl	0	100±0 a	0.34	98.4±0.64 a	1.91	91.9±1.55 b
五氟磺草胺Penoxsulam	1.82	99.4±0.14 a	2.38	88.7±1.85 c	18.52	21.5±2.12 f
氯氟吡啶酯Florpyrauxifen-benzyl	1.02	97.9±0.57 a	1.35	93.6±1.91 b	7.93	66.4±2.15 d
双草醚Bispyribac sodium	0.89	96.3±1.17 b	1.18	94.4±1.85 b	11.59	50.9±2.18 e
二氯喹啉酸Quinclorac	0.97	93.9±2.70 c	12.79	39.4±2.44 d	21.59	8.5±0.68 g
空白对照Control	16.02	-	21.07	-	23.56	-