Effects of Reducing and Postponing Nitrogen Application on Population Quality and Grain Yield of japonica Rice Under Paddy-upland Crop Rotations in Yunnan Plateau

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.9091

Abstract

Abstract:

：【Objective】The objective is to study the effect of reducing and postponing nitrogen application from earlier stage to later stage on population quality and yield, and to improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency for japonica rice on paddy-upland crop rotation in Yunnan Province.【Method】With two conventional japonica rice varieties(Huijing 17 and Chujing 28) as materials, a field plot experiment was carried out at six nitrogen application levels (270 kg/hm², 243 kg/hm², 216 kg/hm², 189 kg/hm² and 162 kg/hm²with the corresponding basal, tillering, spikelet-promoting and spikelet-sustaining nitrogen ratios of 5:5:0:0, 3:3:2:2, 2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5, 0:2:5:3, 0:0:6:4, 0:0:0:0).【Result】The yield, over 8 t/hm² at zero nitrogen fertilizer level in 2016 and 2017, increased significantly with rising nitrogen application level. As compared with conventional fertilization treatment (270 kg/hm² and 5:5:0:0), with the increasing ratio of spikelet-promoting fertilizer while reduced total nitrogen application rate, an increasing trend was observed in yield and nitrogen agronomic efficiency. The optimum treatment was a reduction of 40% in nitrogen application rate. With the reduction of nitrogen application rate, the yield increased by more than 20% and the nitrogen agronomic efficiency increased from less than 10 kg/kg to more than 20 kg/kg. After reducing and postponing nitrogen application from earlier stage to later stage, the period of young panicle differentiation was prolonged. With longer functional leaves, the ordinal number of leaf length from the top of 2-3-1-4, the efficient leaf area ratio more than 80%, and appropriate leaf area index at full heading stage, the high photosynthetic efficient population formed, which promoted the differentiation of spikelets. At the same time, the panicle-bearing tiller percentage increased, with a higher population growth rate and dry matter accumulation after heading. 【Conclusion】Optimizing the nitrogen fertilizer management can effectively reduce the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer in paddy field and improve grain yield and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer of japonica rice in Yunnan. Among them, spikelet-promoting nitrogen fertilizer application with zero basal-tiller fertilizer in the rice growing season required the least input but generated the most output.

Key words: japonica rice, reduce and postpone nitrogen application to later stage, grain yield, population quality

摘要：

【目的】为探究氮肥减量后移对高原粳稻产量及群体质量的影响,并为水稻氮肥减量施用提供依据。【方法】选用常规粳稻品种会粳17号和楚粳28号为材料,设置不同氮肥用量及运筹处理,分别为CF(当地常规施氮模式,折合纯氮270kg/hm²,基肥、分蘖肥、促花肥、保花肥用量之比为5∶5∶0∶0)、 RPN1(较CF减10%,3∶3∶2∶2)、RPN2(较CF减20%,2.5∶2.5∶2.5∶2.5)、RPN3(较CF减30%,0∶2∶5∶3)、RPN4(较CF减40%,0∶0∶6∶4)和CK(不施任何肥料的空白区)共6个处理,研究了水旱轮作(大蒜-水稻、烤烟→水稻)条件下氮肥减量后移对水稻生长发育、群体质量和产量的影响。【结果】空白区水稻产量两年均高于8 t/hm²,施氮后,产量显著增加;与CF处理相比,随着氮肥减量和后移比例的增加,水稻产量和氮肥农学利用效率逐渐增加,纯氮用量最少(162 kg/hm²)且全部后移至穗肥(m_促花肥∶m_保花肥=6∶4)施用,其产量最高,增产20%以上,氮肥农学利用率从低于10 kg/kg提高到20 kg/kg以上。氮肥减量后移使稻穗分化期延长,并形成抽穗期功能叶较长、叶长序数(由上而下)为2-3-1-4,高效叶面积率达80%以上,叶面积适宜的高光效群体,促进颖花分化攻取大穗。同时,成穗率提高,具有较高的群体生长率和抽穗后干物质积累量,构建了水稻高质量群体。【结论】通过氮肥用量及施用比例的优化,能有效减少稻田氮肥施入,提高云南粳稻产量和氮肥利用率。其中,水稻季不施入基蘖肥,供应氮素全部用作穗肥投入最少,产出最多。

关键词: 粳稻, 氮肥减量后移, 产量, 群体质量

CLC Number:

Qiongmei XIA, Jiaquan HU, Linbo DONG, Wenjuan QIAN, Yongfu HE, Guiyong LI, Ruiping LONG, Haiping ZHU, Congdang YANG. Effects of Reducing and Postponing Nitrogen Application on Population Quality and Grain Yield of japonica Rice Under Paddy-upland Crop Rotations in Yunnan Plateau[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2020, 34(3): 266-277.

夏琼梅, 胡家权, 董林波, 钱文娟, 何永福, 李贵勇, 龙瑞平, 朱海平, 杨从党. 氮肥减量后移对云南高原水旱轮作下粳稻群体质量及产量的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2020, 34(3): 266-277.

Figures/Tables 9

References 44

[1]	张卫峰, 马林, 黄高强, 武良, 陈新平, 张福锁. 中国氮肥发展、贡献和挑战[J]. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46(15): 3161-3171.
	Zhang W F, Ma L, Huang G Q, Wu L, Chen X P, Zhang F S.The development and contribution of nitrogenous fertilizer in China and challenges faced by the country[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(15): 3161-3171. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]	张福锁, 王激清, 张卫峰, 崔振岭, 马文奇, 陈新平, 江荣风. 中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J]. 土壤学报, 2008, 45(5): 915-922.
	Zhang F S, Wang J Q, Zhang W F, Cui Z L, Ma W Q, Chen X P, Jiang R F.Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2008, 45(5): 915-922. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]	彭少兵, 黄见良, 钟旭华, 杨建昌, 王光火, 邹应斌, 张福锁, 朱庆森, Buresh R, Witt C.提高中国稻田氮肥利用率的研究策略[J]. 中国农业科学, 2002, 35(9): 1095-1103.
	Peng S B, Huang J L, Zhong X H, Yang J C, Wang G H, Zou Y B, Zhang F S, Zhu Q S, Roland B, Christian W.Research strategy in improving fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated rice in China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2002, 35(9): 1095-1103. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]	胡群, 夏敏, 张洪程, 曹利强, 郭保卫, 魏海燕, 陈厚存, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 林昌明, 韩宝富. 氮肥运筹对钵苗机插优质食味水稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2016, 42(11): 1666-1676.
	Hu Q, Xia M, Zhang H C, Cao L Q, Guo B W, Wei H Y, Chen H C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Lin C M, Han B F.Effect of nitrogen application regime on yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization of mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice with good taste quality.Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2016, 42(11): 1666-1676. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]	林忠成, 李土明, 吴福观,张洪程, 戴其根, 叶世超, 郭宏文. 基蘖肥与穗肥氮比例对双季稻产量和碳氮比的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17(2): 269-275.
	Lin Z C, Li T M, Wu F G, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Ye S C, Guo H W.Effects of nitrogen application on yield and C/N of double-cropping rice[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2011, 17(2): 269-275. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]	吴文革, 张四海, 赵决建, 吴桂成, 李泽福, 夏加发. 氮肥运筹模式对双季稻北缘水稻氮素吸收利用及产量的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2007, 13(5): 757-764.
	Wu W G, Zhang S H, Zhao J J, Wu G C, Li Z F, Xia J F.Nitrogen uptake, utilization and rice yield in the north rimland of double-cropping rice region as affected by different nitrogen management strategies[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2007, 13(5): 757-764. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]	成臣, 曾勇军, 王祺, 谭雪明, 商庆银, 曾研华, 石庆华, 金霄. 氮肥运筹对南方双季晚粳稻产量及品质的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(5): 1386-1395.
	Cheng C, Zeng Y J, Wang Q, Tan X M, Shang Q Y, Zeng Y H, Shi Q H, Jin X.Effects of nitrogen application regime on japonica rice yield and quality of the late rice in the double rice system in southern China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018, 24(5): 1386-1395. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]	何爱斌, 于朋超, 陈乾, 姜广磊, 王慰亲, 聂立孝. 甬优4949和超优1000在华中地区再生稻种植的氮肥运筹研究[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2019, 33(1): 47-56.
	He A B, Yu P C, Chen Q, Jiang G L, Wang W Q, Nie L X.Optimizing the uitrogen management for Yongyou 4949 and Chaoyou 1000 in ratoon rice system in central China[J]. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2019, 33(1): 47-56. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]	张巫军, 高立均, 段秀建, 姚雄, 唐永群, 李经勇, 李焕梅, 文明, 张现伟, 肖人鹏, 刘强明. 氮肥后移对长江上游机插杂交稻群体质量和产量的影响[J]. 杂交水稻, 2018, 33(2): 52-57.
	Zhang W J, Gao L J, Duan X J, Yao X, Tang Y Q, Li J Y, Li H M, Wen M, Zhang X W, Xiao R P, Liu Q M.Effects of nitrogen application transition to later stage on grain yield and population quality of machine-transplanted indica hybrid rice in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River[J]. Hybrid Rice, 2018, 33(2): 52-57. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]	何杰, 李冰, 王昌全, 李玉浩, 杨帮凤, 张敬昇, 向毫, 尹斌, 李鸿浩. 不同施氮处理对水稻油菜轮作土壤氮素供应与作物产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(15): 2957-2968.
	He J, Li B, Wang C Q, Li Y H, Yang B F, Zhang J S, Xiang H, Yin B, Li H H.Effects of different nitrogen fertilization treatments on soil nitrogen supply and yield in rice-rape rotation[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(15): 2957-2968. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]	徐富贤, 熊洪, 张林, 周兴兵, 朱永川, 刘茂, 郭晓艺. 西南地区氮肥后移对杂交中稻产量及构成因素的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20(1): 29-36.
	Xu F X,Xiong H,Zhang L,Zhou X B,Zhu Y C,Liu M, Guo X Y.The effect of postponing nitrogen application on grain yield and the panicle-grain structure in mid-season hybrid rice in southwest China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2014, 20(1): 29-36. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]	刘桃菊, 唐建军, 江绍琳, 王润寒, 朱冰, 程涛, 罗真. 氮肥后移对超级稻扬两优6 号产量及氮肥利用率的影响[J]. 东北农业大学学报, 2012, 43(7):57-60.
	Liu T J, Tang J J, Jiang S L, Wang R H, Zhu B, Cheng T, Luo Z.Effect of postponing nitrogen fertilizer application on yield and nitrogen using efficiency of super rice Yangliangyou 6[J]. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University, 2012, 43(7): 57-60. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]	霍中洋, 魏海燕, 张洪程, 龚振恺, 戴其根, 许轲. 穗肥运筹对不同秧龄机插超级稻宁粳1号产量及群体质量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2012, 38(8): 1460-1470.
	Huo Z Y, Wei H Y, Zhang H C, Gong Z K, Dai Q G,Xu K.Effect of panicle nitrogen fertilizer management on yield and population quality in mechanical transplanted super rice Ningjing 1 with different seedling ages[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2012, 38(8): 1460-1470. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]	付立东, 王宇, 隋鑫, 任海, 李旭, 李宝军. 氮素基蘖穗肥不同施入比例对超级稻生育及产量的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2010(5): 34-38.
	Fu L D, Wang Y, Sui X, Ren H, Li X, Li B J.Effects of the different rate of nitrogen base-tiller and panicle fertilizer on development and yield of super rice[J]. Crops, 2010(5): 34-38. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]	张洪程, 吴桂成, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 吕修涛, 万靓军, 黄银忠. 水稻氮肥精确后移及其机制[J]. 作物学报, 2011, 37(10): 1837-1851.
	Zhang H C, Wu G C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y,Xu K, Gao H, Wei H Y, Lyu X T, Wan L J, Huang Y Z.Precise postponing nitrogen application and its mechanism in rice[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2011, 37(10): 1837-1851. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]	张洪程, 吴桂成, 吴文革, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 黄幸福, 龚金龙. 水稻“精苗稳前、控蘖优中、大穗强后”超高产定量化栽培模式[J]. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43(13): 2645-2660.
	Zhang H C, Wu G C, Wu W G, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Gao H, Wei H Y, Huang X F, Gong J L.The SOI Model of quantitative cultivation of super-high yielding rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2010, 43(13): 2645-2660. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]	李刚华, 王绍华, 杨从党, 黄庆宇, 李德安, 宁加朝, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 超高产水稻适宜单株成穗数的定量计算[J]. 中国农业科学, 2008, 41(11): 3556-3562.
	Li G H, Wang S H, Yang C D, Huang Q Y, Li D A, Ning J C, Ling Q H, Ding Y F.Quantitative calculation of optimum panicle number per plant of super high-yield rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2008, 41(11): 3556-3562. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]	凌启鸿. 中国特色水稻栽培理论和技术体系的形成与发展—纪念陈永康诞辰一百周年[J]. 江苏农业学报, 2008, 24(2): 101-113.
	Ling Q H.Formation and development of theory and technological system of rice cultivation with Chinese characteristics—report for the 100th anniversary of Chen Yongkang’ s birth[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2008, 24(2): 101-113. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]	凌启鸿, 张洪程, 丁艳锋, 戴其根, 凌励, 王绍华, 杨建昌, 朱庆森, 苏祖芳.水稻精确定量栽培理论与技术[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2007.
	Ling Q H, Zhang H C, Ding Y F, Dai Q G, Ling L, Wang S H, Yang J C, Zhu Q S, Su Z F.Theory and technology of precise and quantitative in rice[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, 2007. (in Chinese)
[20]	凌启鸿, 张洪程, 戴其根, 丁艳锋, 凌励, 苏祖芳, 徐茂, 阙金华, 王绍华. 水稻精确定量施氮研究[J]. 中国农业科学,2005, 38(12): 2457-2467.
	Ling Q H, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Ding Y F, Ling L, Su Z F, Xu M, Que J H, Wang S H.Study on precise and quantitative N application in rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2005, 38(12): 2457-2467. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]	杨从党, 李刚华, 李贵勇, 夏琼梅, 邓安凤, 王绍华, 刘正辉, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 云南省立体生态稻区水稻叶龄模式建立[J]. 西南农业学报, 2013, 26(4): 1372-1378.
	Yang C D, Li G H, Li G Y, Xia Q M, Deng A F, Wang S H, Liu Z H, Lin Q H, Ding Y F.Establishment of leaf age model of rice varieties at different altitude environments in Yunnan Province, China[J]. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2013, 26(4): 1372-1378. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]	杨从党, 李刚华, 李贵勇, 夏琼梅, 邓安凤, 刘正辉, 王绍华, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 立体生态区水稻定量促控栽培技术的增产机理[J]. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45(10): 1904-1913.
	Yang C D, Li G H, Li G Y, Xia Q M, Deng A F, Liu Z H, Wang S H, Ling Q H, Ding Y F.Research on the mechanism of grain yield increase of rice by quantitative intensifying and controlling cultivation under an erect ecology in Yunnan Province of China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2012, 45(10): 1904-1913. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]	李贵勇, 宁波, 刘玉文, 胡慧, 王安东, 李加华, 夏琼梅, 邓安凤, 杨从党. 再生稻精确定量栽培技术研究[J]. 西南农业学报2012, 25(6): 1977-1981.
	Li G Y, Ning B, Liu Y W, Hu H, Wang A D, Li J H, Xia Q M, Deng A F, Yang C D.Study on precise and quantitative cultivation of ratooning rice[J]. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2012, 25(6): 1977-1981. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]	李景蕻, 李刚华, 张应贵, 罗启荣, 杨从党, 王绍华, 刘正辉, 王强盛, 丁艳锋. 精确定量栽培对高海拔寒冷生态区水稻株型及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42(9): 3067-3077.
	Li J H, Li G H, Zhang Y G, Luo Q R, Yang C D, Wang S H, Liu Z H, Wang Q S, Ding Y F.Effects of precise and quantitative cultivation on plant type and yield of rice in high altitude and cold ecological area[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2009, 42(9): 3067-3077. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]	Li G H, Xue L H, Gu W, Yang C D, Wang S H, Ling Q H, Qin X, Ding Y F.Comparison of yield components and plant type characteristics of high-yield rice between Taoyuan, a ‘special eco-site’ and Nanjing, China[J]. Field Crops Research, 2009, 112(2-3): 214-221.
[26]	Zheng H B, Huang H, Zhang C M, Li J Y.National-scale paddy-upland rotation in Northern China promotes sustainable development of cultivated land[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2016, 170: 20-25
[27]	范明生, 樊红柱, 吕世华, 曾祥忠, 石孝均, 刘维震, 江荣风, 张福锁. 西南地区水旱轮作系统养分管理存在问题分析与管理策略建议[J]. 西南农业学报, 2008, 21(6): 1564-1569.
	Fan M S, Fan H Z, Lyu S H, Zeng X Z, Shi X J, Liu W Z, Jiang RF, Zhang F S.The current status of nutrient management and strategy in paddy rice upland crop rotation in south west China[J]. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2008, 21(6): 1564-1569. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]	Xuan D T, Guong V T, Rosling A, Alström S, Chai B L, Högberg N.Different crop rotation systems as drivers of change in soil bacterial community structure and yield of rice, Oryza sativa[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2012, 48(2): 217-225.
[29]	Linh T B, Sleutel S, Guong V T, Khoa L V, Cornelis W M.Deeper tillage and root growth in annual rice-upland cropping systems result in improved rice yield and economic profit relative to rice monoculture[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2015, 154: 44-52.
[30]	王人民, 丁元树, 陈锦新. 稻田年内水旱轮作对晚稻产量及生长发育的影响[J]. 浙江农业大学学报, 1996, 22(4): 412-417.
	Wang R M, Ding Y S, Chen J X.Effect on growth-development and yield of late Japanica rice of the paddy upland yearly rotation in paddy[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural University , 1996, 22( 4): 412-417. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]	王金林, 武广云, 刘友林, 宗晓波, 闻禄, 彭发元, 田永. 云南省化肥施用现状及减量增效的途径研究[J]. 中国农学通报, 2018, 34(3): 26-36.
	Wang J L, Wu G Y, Liu Y L, Zong X B, Wen Lu, Peng F Y, Tian Y.The fertilizer application status and the approach of fertilizer-reduce and efficiency-increase in Yunnan Province[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2018, 34(3): 26-36.
[32]	柏琼芝, 肖石江, 王晓瑞, 刘凌云, 高森, 邵艳, 王鑫, 普红梅, 梁淑敏, 张磊, 李燕山. 化肥减量配施生物有机肥对秋马铃薯产量的影响[J]. 土壤与作物, 2019, 8(2): 158-165.
	Bai Q A, Xiao S J, Wang X R, Liu L Y, Gao S, Shao Y, Wang X, Pu H M, Liang S M, Zhang L, Li Y S.Effect of reduced chemical fertilizer plus biological fertilizer on autumn potato yield[J]. Soils and Crops, 2019, 8(2): 158-165.
[33]	范立慧, 徐珊珊, 侯朋福, 薛利红, 李刚华, 丁艳锋, 杨林章. 不同地力下基蘖肥运筹比例对水稻产量及氮肥吸收利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(10): 1872-1884.
	Fan L H, Xu S S, Hou P F, Xue L H, Li G H,Ding Y F, Yang L Z.Effect of different ratios of basal to tiller nitrogen on rice yield and nitrogen utilization under different soil fertility[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(10): 1872-1884. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[34]	丁艳锋, 刘胜环, 王绍华, 王强盛, 黄丕生, 凌启鸿. 氮素基、蘖肥用量对水稻氮素吸收与利用的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2004, 30(8): 762-767.
	Ding Y F, Liu S H, Wang S H, Wang Q S, Huang P S, Ling Q H.Effects of the amount of basic and tillering nitrogen applied on absorption and utilization of nitrogen in rice[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2004, 30(8): 762-767. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[35]	Peng S B, Buresh R J, Huang J L, Yang J C, Zou Y B, Zhong X H, Wang G H, Zhang F S.Strategies for overcoming low agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in irrigated rice systems in China[J]. Field Crops Research, 2006, 96: 37-47.
[36]	Bai Z G, Huang J, Zhu L F, Cao X C, Zhu C Q, Zhong C, Jin Q Y, Zhang J H. Effects of N application strategies on N leaching loss in paddy soil and N use characteristics in different super hybrid rice cultivars.Paddy and Water Environment, 2019: 1-15.
[37]	秦俭, 杨志远, 孙永健, 徐徽, 吕腾飞, 代邹, 郑家奎, 蒋开锋, 马均. 氮素穗肥运筹对两个杂交中籼稻叶片形态、光合生产及产量的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2017, 31(4): 391-399.
	Qin J, Yang Z Y, Sun Y J, Xu H, Lyu T F, Dai Z, Zheng J K, Jiang K F, Ma J.Effects of nitrogen topdressing for panicle initiation on leaf morphology, photosynthetic production and grain yield of two middle-season hybrid rice[J]. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 2017, 31(4): 391-399. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[38]	丁艳锋, 赵长华, 王强盛. 穗肥施用时期对水稻氮素利用及产量的影响[J]. 南京农业大学学报, 2003, 26(4): 5-8.
	Ding Y F, Zhao C H, Wang Q S.Effect of application stage of panicle fertilizer on rice grain yield and the utilization of nitrogen[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2003, 26(4): 5-8. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[39]	Perez C M, Juliano B O, Liboon S P, Alcantara J M, Cassman K G.Effects of late nitrogen fertilizer application on head rice yield, protein content, and grain quality of rice[J]. Cereal Chemistry, 1996, 73(5): 556-560.
[40]	Fan M S, Lu S H, Jiang R F, Liu X J, Zhang F S.Triangular transplanting pattern and split nitrogen fertilizer application increase rice yield and nitrogen fertilizer recovery[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2009, 101: 1421-1425.
[41]	陈惠哲, 朱德峰, 林贤青, 张玉屏, 张卫星. 促花肥施氮对超级杂交稻冠层叶片生长及光合速率的影响[J]. 湖南农业大学学报:自然科学版, 2007, 33(5): 617-621.
	Chen H Z, Zhu D F, Lin X Q, Zhang Y P, Zhang W X.Effect of nitrogen application for spikelet promotion on growth and photosynthetic rate of canopy leaves in super hybrid rice[J]. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University : Natural Sciences, 2007, 33(5): 617-621. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[42]	单彩云, 魏玉光. 水稻施肥量与成熟度和产量的关系[J]. 北方水稻, 2019, 49(1): 33-35.
	Shan C Y, Wei Y G.Correlation between the rice yield with fertilizer application amount and maturity[J]. North Rice, 2019, 49(1): 33-35. (in Chinese)
[43]	田亚芹, 冯利平, 邹海平, 张祖建, 朱化敏, 苗宇新. 不同水分和氮素处理对寒地水稻生育及产量的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2014, 34(23): 6864-6871.
	Tian Y Q, Feng L P, Zou H P, Zhang Z J, Zhu H M, Miao Y X.Effects of water and nitrogen on growth, development and yield of rice in cold area of Northeast China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(23): 6864-6871. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[44]	彭泰辉, 杨文珍, 马星桃, 林安发. 氮肥施用量及运筹方式对水稻产量的影响[J]. 贵州农业科学, 2016, 44(7): 22-25.
	Peng T H, Yang W Z, Ma X T, Lin A F.Effect of nitrogen application amount and pattern on rice yield[J]. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences, 2016, 44(7): 22-25. (in Chinese with English abstract)

处理 Treatment	合计 Total /(kg·hm^-2)	基肥 Basal fertilizer /(kg·hm^-2)	分蘖肥 Fertilizer for tillering/(kg·hm^-2)	促花肥 Spikelet-promoting fertilizer/(kg·hm^-2)	保花肥 Spikelet-sustaining fertilizer/(kg·hm^-2)	运筹比例 Ratio
CF	270.0	135.0	135.0	0.0	0.0	5∶5∶0∶0
RPN1	243.0	72.9	72.9	48.6	48.6	3∶3∶2∶2
RPN2	216.0	54.0	54.0	54.0	54.0	2.5∶2.5∶2.5∶2.5
RPN3	189.0	0.0	37.8	94.5	56.7	0∶2∶5∶3
RPN4	162.0	0.0	0.0	97.2	64.8	0∶0∶6∶4
CK	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0∶0∶0∶0

处理 Treatment	合计 Total /(kg·hm^-2)	基肥 Basal fertilizer /(kg·hm^-2)	分蘖肥 Fertilizer for tillering/(kg·hm^-2)	促花肥 Spikelet-promoting fertilizer/(kg·hm^-2)	保花肥 Spikelet-sustaining fertilizer/(kg·hm^-2)	运筹比例 Ratio
CF	270.0	135.0	135.0	0.0	0.0	5∶5∶0∶0
RPN1	243.0	72.9	72.9	48.6	48.6	3∶3∶2∶2
RPN2	216.0	54.0	54.0	54.0	54.0	2.5∶2.5∶2.5∶2.5
RPN3	189.0	0.0	37.8	94.5	56.7	0∶2∶5∶3
RPN4	162.0	0.0	0.0	97.2	64.8	0∶0∶6∶4
CK	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0∶0∶0∶0

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	D1 (Month-Day)	D2 (Month-Day)	D3 (Month-Day)	D4 (Month-Day)	D5 /d	D6 /d	D7 /d	D8 /d	NL
2016	CF	04-26	06-20	07-25	09-15	55	35	52	179	13.4
	RPN1	04-26	06-20	07-27	09-18	55	37	53	182	13.7
	RPN2	04-26	06-20	07-30	09-20	55	40	52	184	13.7
	RPN3	04-26	06-20	08-01	09-22	55	42	52	186	13.5
	RPN4	04-26	06-20	08-04	09-22	55	45	49	186	13.8
	CK	04-26	06-20	07-22	09-13	55	32	53	177	13.8
2017	CF	05-09	06-18	07-29	09-17	40	41	50	188	14.8
	RPN1	05-09	06-18	07-31	09-20	40	43	51	191	15.0
	RPN2	05-09	06-18	08-03	09-22	40	46	50	193	15.0
	RPN3	05-09	06-18	08-05	09-25	40	48	51	196	15.0
	RPN4	05-09	06-18	08-08	09-25	40	51	48	196	14.8
	CK	05-09	06-18	07-27	09-15	40	39	50	186	14.8

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	D1 (Month-Day)	D2 (Month-Day)	D3 (Month-Day)	D4 (Month-Day)	D5 /d	D6 /d	D7 /d	D8 /d	NL
2016	CF	04-26	06-20	07-25	09-15	55	35	52	179	13.4
	RPN1	04-26	06-20	07-27	09-18	55	37	53	182	13.7
	RPN2	04-26	06-20	07-30	09-20	55	40	52	184	13.7
	RPN3	04-26	06-20	08-01	09-22	55	42	52	186	13.5
	RPN4	04-26	06-20	08-04	09-22	55	45	49	186	13.8
	CK	04-26	06-20	07-22	09-13	55	32	53	177	13.8
2017	CF	05-09	06-18	07-29	09-17	40	41	50	188	14.8
	RPN1	05-09	06-18	07-31	09-20	40	43	51	191	15.0
	RPN2	05-09	06-18	08-03	09-22	40	46	50	193	15.0
	RPN3	05-09	06-18	08-05	09-25	40	48	51	196	15.0
	RPN4	05-09	06-18	08-08	09-25	40	51	48	196	14.8
	CK	05-09	06-18	07-27	09-15	40	39	50	186	14.8

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicle number/(×10⁴·hm^-2)	总粒数 No. of spiklets per panicle	实粒数 No. of filled grains per panicle	结实率 Seed-setting rate/%	千粒重 1000-grain weight/g	总颖花量 Total spikelet number /(×10⁸·hm^-2)	实际产量 Grain yield /(t·hm^-2)	与CF相比增产 Compared with CF/%	氮肥农学利用率Nitrogen agronomic efficiency/(kg·kg^-1)
2016	CF	414.0±17.5 a	105.4±1.6 d	108.6±4.7 b	86.4±3.8 b	27.1±0.1 ab	4.4±0.5 c	10.4±0.7 b	-	6.6
	RPN1	435.0±25.6 a	123.6±5.3 c	108.6±5.5 b	84.4±1.2 bc	26.6±0.5 bc	5.4±0.1 b	12.1±0.6 a	16.4	14.6
	RPN2	456.0±40.7 a	129.9±1.3 bc	112.1±2.1 b	79.7±2.3 c	26.2±0.3 cd	5.9±1.0 a	12.3±0.5 a	18.3	17.4
	RPN3	457.5±22.2 a	132.2±4.7 b	109.9±2.4 b	79.6±3.7 c	25.8±0.2 de	6.1±0.7 a	12.4±0.6 a	19.2	20.1
	RPN4	453.0±15.4 a	139.6±1.8 a	133.3±2.1 a	79.0±2.4 c	25.6±0.2 e	6.3±0.3 a	12.6±0.3 a	21.2	24.9
	CK	334.5±12.3 b	106.0±4.3 d	106.4±6.7 b	92.4±3.6 a	27.6±0.2 a	3.5±0.8 d	8.6±0.9 c	-	-
	平均值Average	425.0±22.3	122.8±3.2	113.1±3.9	83.6±2.9	26.5±0.3	5.3±0.6	11.4±0.6	18.8	16.7
2017	CF	415.0±31.2 b	148.2±4.9 c	91.1±3.6 c	73.3±3.6 bc	23.1±0.7 a	6.2±0.6 b	10.3±0.5 c	-	7.0
	RPN1	458.8±32.3 ab	148.3±0.8 c	104.3±1.3 ab	73.2±0.5 bc	23.5±0.1 a	6.8±0.8 b	11.5±0.8 b	11.7	12.8
	RPN2	445.0±51.1 ab	157.4±9.2 bc	103.5±7.2 ab	71.2±1.4 bc	23.2±0.6 a	7.0±0.5 b	11.5±0.4 b	11.7	14.3
	RPN3	491.3±18.8 a	160.4±5.2 ab	105.2±9.5 ab	68.6±7.6 c	22.7±0.6 a	7.9±0.6 a	12.0±0.6 ab	16.5	18.9
	RPN4	418.8±5.7 b	168.7±2.1 a	110.3±1.1 a	79.0±0.9 ab	23.4±0.2 a	7.1±0.3 ab	13.1±0.3 a	27.2	28.9
	CK	321.3±30.3 c	126.8±8.8 d	97.9±2.9 bc	84.2±6.9 a	23.5±0.4 a	4.1±0.5 c	8.4±0.9 d	-	-
	平均值Average	423.8±28.2	151.6±5.2	102.1±3.9	74.9±3.5	23.2±0.4	6.5±0.5	11.2±0.6	16.8	16.4