稻田福寿螺的发生、危害及其防控技术研究进展

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2024.230807

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水稻是我国乃至全世界重要的粮食作物之一，全球一半以上的人口以稻米为主要食物来源。福寿螺作为一种外来入侵生物对水稻构成的巨大威胁已经受到了国内的广泛关注。水稻从播种至搁田前都会受福寿螺啮食，播种时啮食稻种的芽胚，苗期啮食幼苗整株，导致水稻缺苗和有效分蘖减少，特别是在直播稻种植面积不断增加的情况下，水稻产量受到严重影响。本文综述了福寿螺的种类、生物学特性、稻田为害规律、田间防控技术及资源化利用等，并在此基础上对福寿螺防控及其可持续利用进行展望，旨在为进一步防控稻田福寿螺，保障水稻的产量与质量，降低农户经济损失提供依据。

关键词: 福寿螺, 水稻, 危害, 防控

Abstract:

Rice is a widely cultivated food crop in China and around the world, with over half of the global population depending on it as their primary food source. The golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, as an invasive species, poses a significant threat to rice production, garnering extensive attention in China. From sowing to field sundrying, rice is susceptible to being bitten by P. canaliculata. During sowing, it bites the embryo of rice seeds, and at the seedling stage, it attacks the entire seedling, leading to a reduction in rice seedlings and effective tillers, significantly impacting rice yield. This paper reviews the species, biological characteristics, damage patterns in paddy fields, field prevention and control technology, and resource utilization of apple snails. The aim is to lay a foundation for further prevention and control measures in paddy fields, ultimately increasing rice yield and quality and minimizing economic losses for farmers.

Key words: Pomacea canaliculata, rice, damage, management

吕海涛, 李建忠, 鲁艳辉, 徐红星, 郑许松, 吕仲贤. 稻田福寿螺的发生、危害及其防控技术研究进展[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2024, 38(2): 127-139.

LÜ Haitao, LI Jianzhong, LU Yanhui, XU Hongxing, ZHENG Xusong, LÜ Zhongxian. Research Progress on the Damage and Management of Apple Snails(Ampullariider: Pomacea) in Paddy Fields[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2024, 38(2): 127-139.

图/表 2

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形态特征 Morphological features	斑点福寿螺 Pomacea maculata	小管福寿螺 Pomacea canaliculata	隐秘福寿螺 Pomacea occulta nov. sp
成螺外壳 Adult shell	厚，一般光滑，轴向生长线较细和周期性生长停滞，螺纹较多	薄，光滑	厚，一般光滑，轴向生长线较细和周期性生长停滞，螺纹较多，螺旋沟槽线较浅
体螺层肩 Body whorl shoulder	角形	圆形	角形
内唇膜 Inner pallial lip	黄色至橙红色	无色	黄色至橙红色
厣甲 Operculum	坚硬、厚度均匀	柔韧、边缘较薄	柔韧、边缘较薄
卵块卵数 Eggs per clutch	100~4500	12~1000	87~1000
平均卵径 Average egg diameter	<2.00 mm	>3.00 mm	2.38 mm
初孵幼螺的平均高度 Mean hatching height	1.249 mm	2.754 mm	2.23 mm
初孵幼螺的平均宽度 Mean first whorl width of hatching	0.812 mm	2.406 mm	2.11 mm

形态特征 Morphological features	斑点福寿螺 Pomacea maculata	小管福寿螺 Pomacea canaliculata	隐秘福寿螺 Pomacea occulta nov. sp
成螺外壳 Adult shell	厚，一般光滑，轴向生长线较细和周期性生长停滞，螺纹较多	薄，光滑	厚，一般光滑，轴向生长线较细和周期性生长停滞，螺纹较多，螺旋沟槽线较浅
体螺层肩 Body whorl shoulder	角形	圆形	角形
内唇膜 Inner pallial lip	黄色至橙红色	无色	黄色至橙红色
厣甲 Operculum	坚硬、厚度均匀	柔韧、边缘较薄	柔韧、边缘较薄
卵块卵数 Eggs per clutch	100~4500	12~1000	87~1000
平均卵径 Average egg diameter	<2.00 mm	>3.00 mm	2.38 mm
初孵幼螺的平均高度 Mean hatching height	1.249 mm	2.754 mm	2.23 mm
初孵幼螺的平均宽度 Mean first whorl width of hatching	0.812 mm	2.406 mm	2.11 mm

防治方法 Control method	具体措施 Concrete measure	防治效果 Control effect	不足之处 Defect	参考文献 Reference
农业防控 Agricultural control	水旱轮作	降低休眠福寿螺的成活率和基数	需改变种植模式, 人力、物力、	[64⇓-66]
	翻耕土壤，旋耕碎螺		财力消耗	[66]
	清除淤泥和水草		财力消耗	[67]
	选择移栽稻，适当延长育秧期	降低福寿螺危害程度		[68-69]
	田间排水搁田或灌水淹卵	提高死亡率		[70-71]
	施肥杀螺 (田间施用氮肥、生石灰等)	促进植物生长，提高螺的死亡率	需结合农作物生长状况，适量施肥	[72⇓⇓-75]
生物防控 Biological control	稻田养鳖、鸭、鱼、蟹			[77⇓⇓-80]
	茶皂素6.0 g /m²	杀螺率100%(4 d)	成本较高, 有待深入研发应用	[89-90]
	豚草干粉300 kg/hm²	杀螺率90%		[91]
	空心莲子草水提液200 mg/L	杀螺率79%(3 d)		[92]
	小油桐叶甲醇提取液600 mg/L	杀螺率100%(3 d)		[93]
	夹竹桃干叶水提取液2500 mg/L	杀螺率100%(2 d)		[97]
	五爪金龙石油醚提液200 mg/L	杀螺率100%(1 d)		[95]
	金腰箭甲醇提取液500 mg/L	杀螺率100%(3 d)		[96]
	南瓜叶65%乙醇提液1 µg/L	杀螺率100%(2 d)		[97]
	剑麻叶干粉乙醇提液450 mg/L	杀螺率85%(3 d)		[98]
物理防控 Physical control	人工摘卵除螺，扦插竹竿诱集福寿螺产卵	阻止种群建立	成本高、费时费力	[101]
物理防控 Physical control	出入水口拦网拦截	阻断迁移	小螺拦截性差	[105]
化学防控 Chemical control	6%四聚乙醛颗粒，600 g /hm²	杀螺率65.88%(2 d)	杀螺胺类和四聚乙醛类对水生生物都具有较高毒性，应远离水产养殖区等水域施药，禁止在鱼或虾蟹套养稻田使用，施药后的稻田水不得直接排入水体	[107]
	70%杀螺胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂， 420 g/hm²	杀螺率78.88%(2 d)
	6%聚醛·甲萘威颗粒剂，600 g/hm²	杀螺率68.63%(2 d)
	70%杀螺胺可湿性粉剂，420 g/hm²	杀螺率82.63%(2 d)

防治方法 Control method	具体措施 Concrete measure	防治效果 Control effect	不足之处 Defect	参考文献 Reference
农业防控 Agricultural control	水旱轮作	降低休眠福寿螺的成活率和基数	需改变种植模式, 人力、物力、	[64⇓-66]
	翻耕土壤，旋耕碎螺		财力消耗	[66]
	清除淤泥和水草		财力消耗	[67]
	选择移栽稻，适当延长育秧期	降低福寿螺危害程度		[68-69]
	田间排水搁田或灌水淹卵	提高死亡率		[70-71]
	施肥杀螺 (田间施用氮肥、生石灰等)	促进植物生长，提高螺的死亡率	需结合农作物生长状况，适量施肥	[72⇓⇓-75]
生物防控 Biological control	稻田养鳖、鸭、鱼、蟹			[77⇓⇓-80]
	茶皂素6.0 g /m²	杀螺率100%(4 d)	成本较高, 有待深入研发应用	[89-90]
	豚草干粉300 kg/hm²	杀螺率90%		[91]
	空心莲子草水提液200 mg/L	杀螺率79%(3 d)		[92]
	小油桐叶甲醇提取液600 mg/L	杀螺率100%(3 d)		[93]
	夹竹桃干叶水提取液2500 mg/L	杀螺率100%(2 d)		[97]
	五爪金龙石油醚提液200 mg/L	杀螺率100%(1 d)		[95]
	金腰箭甲醇提取液500 mg/L	杀螺率100%(3 d)		[96]
	南瓜叶65%乙醇提液1 µg/L	杀螺率100%(2 d)		[97]
	剑麻叶干粉乙醇提液450 mg/L	杀螺率85%(3 d)		[98]
物理防控 Physical control	人工摘卵除螺，扦插竹竿诱集福寿螺产卵	阻止种群建立	成本高、费时费力	[101]
物理防控 Physical control	出入水口拦网拦截	阻断迁移	小螺拦截性差	[105]
化学防控 Chemical control	6%四聚乙醛颗粒，600 g /hm²	杀螺率65.88%(2 d)	杀螺胺类和四聚乙醛类对水生生物都具有较高毒性，应远离水产养殖区等水域施药，禁止在鱼或虾蟹套养稻田使用，施药后的稻田水不得直接排入水体	[107]
	70%杀螺胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂， 420 g/hm²	杀螺率78.88%(2 d)
	6%聚醛·甲萘威颗粒剂，600 g/hm²	杀螺率68.63%(2 d)
	70%杀螺胺可湿性粉剂，420 g/hm²	杀螺率82.63%(2 d)