株行距配置对超高产田水稻产量及根系形态生理特性的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.221007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 研究不同株行距配置对超高产田水稻产量的影响，明确增密栽培模式增产的机理。【方法】 于2020－2021年以辽粳419为试材，以农户习惯栽培(LFM)、常规增密配置(CHMD)、窄行增密(NHDM)和两种宽窄行配置(WNHDM₁和WNHDM₂)共计5种模式为处理，以水稻根系形态和生理特性及产量为主要研究内容，探究株行距配置对超高产田水稻产量及根系形态生理特性的影响，阐明增密模式水稻根系分布与产量构成因素的关系，揭示水稻超高产田增密模式水稻增产的机理。【结果】 同LFM相比，WNHDM₁和WNHDM₂分别提高有效分蘖数19.24%和18.16%，单穗成粒数、结实率等保持稳定；WNHDM₁和WNHDM₂行内(窄行)区域根系指标较其他模式并未降低，而行外(宽行)区域差异较大，总根长、总根径、总根表面积、总根体积及总根干质量在两个生长季平均增加21.07%和26.76%、10.71%和9.18%、21.13%和26.77%、21.15%和27.62%及23.48%和29.71%；齐穗期和灌浆期水稻根系形态指标与有效穗数和产量正相关。【结论】 优化株行距配置增密模式，为水稻提供了根系行内、行外不对称生长空间，形成了根部边际效应，提高了水稻群体根干质量、根系表面积和根体积并保持了较强的根系氧化力，促进有效穗的形成，达到增产的目的。

关键词: 水稻, 超高产, 根系形态生理特性, 株行距配置

Abstract:

【Objective】 It is very crucial to investigate the effects of plant-row spacing on rice yield in super-high-yield field and clarify the mechanism behind high yield of rice in high-density mode.【Method】 In 2020 and 2021, Liaojing 419 was grown under five cultivation modes including local farmers' mode (LFM), conventional high-density mode (CHMD), narrow-row high-density mode (NHDM) and two wide and narrow row modes (WNHDM₁ and WNHDM₂). We measured the root morphological and physiological indexes and the composition factors of rice yield to explore the effects of plant and row spacing on rice yield and root morphological and physiological characteristics in super high-yield fields, clarify the relationship between root distribution and yield composition factors of rice in high-density mode, and reveal the mechanism of high yield of rice in super-high-yield fields in high-density mode.【Result】 Compared with LFM, the productive panicle number under WNHDM₁ and WNHDM₂ increased by 19.24% and 18.16%, respectively, and grain number per panicle and seed setting rate remained stable. The root indexes of IN(narrow row) area in WNHDM₁ and WNHDM₂ were not lower than those of other modes, but the difference was greater in OUT(wide row) area, total root length, total root diameter, total root surface area, total root volume and total root dry weight increased by 21.07% and 26.76%, 10.71% and 9.18%, 21.13% and 26.77%, 21.15% and 27.62% and 23.48% and 29.71% in two growing seasons. The root morphological indices in WNHDM₁ and WNHDM₂ had a positive correlation with panicle number and yield at heading stage and filling stage.【Conclusion】 The high-density mode with optimized plant and row spacing provides rice with asymmetric growth space inside and outside the row, exerts root marginal effect, improves root dry weight, root surface area and root volume, maintains strong root oxidation activity, lays a good basis for the formation of more productive panicles, and achieves the purpose of increasing rice yield.

Key words: rice, super high yield, root morphological and physiological characteristics, plant-row spacing

董立强, 杨铁鑫, 李睿, 商文奇, 马亮, 李跃东, 隋国民. 株行距配置对超高产田水稻产量及根系形态生理特性的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2023, 37(4): 392-404.

DONG Liqiang, YANG Tiexin, LI Rui, SHANG Wenqi, MA Liang, LI Yuedong, SUI Guomin. Effect of Plant-row Spacing on Rice Yield and Root Morphological and Physiological Characteristics in Super High Yield Field[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2023, 37(4): 392-404.

图/表 12

表1 本研究中的株行距配置

Table 1. Plant-row spacing in the study.

栽植配置方式 Cultivation mode	并列2行间距 Neighbor row spacing /cm	株距 Plant spacing /cm	每平穴数 Hill number per m²	增密比例 Density increased /%
农户习惯栽培模式Local farmers’ mode（LFM）	30/30	18	18.52	—
传统增密配置模式Conventional high-density mode （CHDM）	30/30	14	23.81	28.57
窄行增密模式 Narrow-row high-density mode（NHDM）	25/25	17	23.53	27.06
宽窄行配置模式1 Wide-narrow row high-density mode 1（WNHDM₁）	17/33	17	23.53	27.06
宽窄行配置模式2 Wide-narrow row high-density mode 2（WNHDM₂）	17/37	16	23.15	25.00

图1 2020和2021年试验区水稻生长季气象数据

Fig. 1. Meteorological data during rice growth period in the experimental site in 2020 and 2021.

图2 田间结构及隔根示意图

Fig. 2. Layout in paddy field and root partition.

表2 株行距配置对超高产田水稻产量及其构成因素的影响

Table 2. Effects of plant and row spacing on rice yield and its components in super high yield field.

年度 Year	处理 Treatment	有效穗数PPR/(×10⁴·hm⁻²)	成穗率 PPR/%	穗粒数 FG	结实率 SSR/%	千粒重 TWS/g	实际产量 AY/(kg·hm⁻²)
2020	LFM	359.6±8.1 b	86.4±1.6 a	121.8±2.8 a	93.3±1.7 a	25.5±0.5 a	10577.9±192.9 b
	CHDM	419.9±5.7 a	78.4±0.7 b	109.8±1.5 cd	86.2±0.8 b	24.9±0.2 a	11002.6±102.5 b
	NHDM	426.6±8.8 a	79.1±2.0 b	109.0±2.3 d	87.6±2.2 b	24.8±0.6 a	11182.3±277.9 b
	WNHDM₁	428.8±4.8 a	82.2±1.4 ab	114.8±1.3 bc	90.8±1.4 ab	25.3±0.4 a	12004.2±182.1 a
	WNHDM₂	424.9±7.3 a	85.9±1.1 a	119.4±2.0 ab	93.0±1.2 a	25.3±0.3 a	12339.4±164.6 a
2021	LFM	349.1±7.9 b	86.5±1.6 a	122.1±2.8 a	91.9±1.7 a	25.6±0.5 a	10471.7±190.0 b
	CHDM	416.4±5.7 a	78.3±0.7 c	108.1±1.5 cd	84.1±0.7 c	24.8±0.2 a	10897.6±100.6 b
	NHDM	418.8±6.0 a	78.1±2.0 c	105.9±2.2 d	86.0±2.2 bc	24.9±0.6 a	10807.1±270.6 b
	WNHDM₁	427.4±4.8 a	81.5±1.3 bc	111.7±1.3 bc	88.4±1.4 abc	25.2±0.4 a	11734.3±179.6 a
	WNHDM₂	425.1±7.3 a	85.1±1.1 ab	116.1±2.0 b	90.4±1.1 ab	25.3±0.3 a	12075.6±159.6 a

图3 株行距配置对超高产田水稻茎蘖动态的影响

Fig. 3. Effects of plant-row spacing on rice tiller dynamics in super high yield field.

图4 株行距配置对超高产田水稻根长的影响

Fig. 4. Effects of plant-row spacing on rice root length in super high yield field.

图5 株行距配置对超高产田水稻根系直径的影响

Fig. 5. Effects of plant-row spacing on rice root diameter in super high yield field.

图6 株行距配置对超高产田水稻根系表面积的影响

Fig. 6. Effects of plant-row spacing on rice root surface in super high yield field.

图7 株行距配置对超高产田水稻根系体积的影响

Fig. 7. Effects of plant-row spacing on rice root volume in super high yield field.

图8 株行距配置对超高产田水稻根系干质量的影响

Fig. 8. Effects of plant-row spacing on rice root dry weight in super high yield field.

图9 株行距配置对超高产田水稻根系氧化力的影响

Fig. 9. Effects of plant-row spacing on rice root oxidation activity in super high yield field.

图10 超高产田水稻根系指标与产量及构成因素相关性图中a、b、c、d、e、f分别为产量及其构成因素与根长、根直径、根系氧化力、根表面积、根体积、根干质量的相关系数。

Fig. 10. Correlation between root index and yield and its components in super high yield rice. a, b, c, d, e, f, illuminate correlation of yield and its components with root length, diameter, oxidation activity, surface area, volume, dry weight，respectively.

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