浙江省水稻生产环节外包进程的时空演变：基于2010－2019年的跟踪调查

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2023.220610

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】浙江省农业适度规模经营走在中国的前列，其经验对全国的水稻生产环节外包和农业适度规模经营的路径选择及政策制定具有借鉴意义。【方法】基于浙江省2010－2019年的跟踪调查，采用实证研究和比较分析方法，对浙江省生产环节外包的时空变迁和影响因素进行分析。【结果】从时间发展来看，浙江省水稻生产环节外包进程整体呈上升趋势，但2013年以来上升速度放缓；从空间特征来看，与其他省份相比，浙江省生产环节外包起步早、发展快，近年来其他省份农业生产环节外包与浙江省的差距逐渐缩小，浙江省的先发优势减弱，经济欠发达地区的后发优势增强。就影响外包的因素而言，农户年龄、文化程度、水稻种植从业时间等个体特征对浙江省劳动密集型环节外包的影响小于技术密集型环节外包，稻农年龄增长和从业时间延长对浙江省水稻技术密集环节外包有负向影响；水稻种植规模、家庭相对收入对技术密集型环节外包具有显著的正向影响。【结论】受轻简化稻作技术发展趋势影响，技术密集型环节外包结构发生改变；农地流转和生产环节外包作为实现土地适度规模经营的两种方式，两者相互影响，长期并存；农户个体特征对稻农生产环节外包行为决策的影响逐渐削弱，群体效应开始凸显。

关键词: 水稻生产环节外包, 适度规模经营, 时间变迁, 空间分布

Abstract:

【Objective】 Zhejiang Province has been at the forefront of China in the moderate-scale operation of agriculture, and its experience has great reference significance in the path selection and policy formulation of outsourcing of rice production and moderate-scale agricultural management in the country.【Method】 Based on the follow-up survey in Zhejiang Province from 2010 to 2019, the empirical research and comparative research methods are used to analyze the temporal and spatial changes and influencing factors of production outsourcing in Zhejiang Province.【Result】 From the temparal perspective, the overall development process of rice production outsourcing in Zhejiang Province is on the rise; from the spatial perspective, the production outsourcing in Zhejiang Province started early and developed rapidly. In recent years, the gap between agricultural production outsourcing in other provinces and Zhejiang Province has gradually narrowed, the first-mover advantage of Zhejiang Province has weakened, and the later-mover advantage of economically underdeveloped areas has increased. Among the factors that affect outsourcing, the effect of individual factors such as farmer age, education standard, and rice planting time in labor-intensive link outsourcing in Zhejiang Province is less than that of technology-intensive link outsourcing. The increasing age and working time of rice farmers have a negative impact and the rice planting scale and family relative income have a significant positive impact on the outsourcing of rice technology-intensive links in Zhejiang Province.【Conclusion】 Affected by the development trend of simplified rice farming technology, the outsourcing mix of technology-intensive links has changed; farmland transfer and production link outsourcing are two ways to achieve moderate-scale land management, and the two influence each other and coexist for a long time; The influence of decision-making in agricultural production outsourcing has gradually shrinked, and the role of the group effect has been highlighted.

Key words: outsourcing of rice production, moderate scale operation, temporal changes, spatial distribution

关雅琪, 鄂志国, 王磊, 申红芳. 浙江省水稻生产环节外包进程的时空演变：基于2010－2019年的跟踪调查[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2023, 37(2): 189-199.

GUAN Yaqi, E Zhiguo, WANG Lei, SHEN Hongfang. Spatio-temporal Evolution of Rice Production Outsourcing Process in Zhejiang Province: A Follow-up Survey from 2010 to 2019[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2023, 37(2): 189-199.

图/表 12

图1 浙江省水稻生产环节外包发展进程的分析框架

Fig. 1. Analytical framework for the development process of rice production outsourcing in Zhejiang Province.

表1 2010、2013、2019年浙江省受访区域分布

Table 1. Distribution of surveyed counties in Zhejiang Province in 2010, 2013 and 2019.

年份 Year	浙江省受访区域（县/市） Regions surveyed in Zhejiang Province	村庄数 Number of villages	农户数 Number of farmers
2010	江山、瑞安、绍兴 Jiangshan, Rui’an, Shaoxing counties	81	276
2013	诸暨、温岭、兰溪 Zhuji, Wenling, Lanxi counties	27	175
2019	诸暨、温岭、兰溪 Zhuji, Wenling, Lanxi counties	36	122

图2 浙江省2010年和2019年水稻生产环节外包率对比

Fig. 2. Comparison of rice production outsourcing rate between 2010 and 2019 in Zhejiang Province.

图3 2010年浙江省与全国水稻生产环节外包率对比

Fig. 3. Comparison of rice production outsourcing rate between Zhejiang Province and China in 2010.

图4 2019年浙江省与全国水稻生产环节外包率对比

Fig. 4. Comparison of rice production outsourcing rate between Zhejiang Province and China in 2019.

图5 从事水稻种植业不同时间农户和不同年龄段农户生产环节外包的比例

Fig. 5. Proportion of outsourcing of farmers at different ages and engaged in rice planting for different time.

表2 不同文化程度所表现的生产环节外包特征

Table 2. Rice production outsourcing features for farmers differed in education standards. %

文化程度 Education standard	样本占比 Percentage of samples	整地 Soil preparation	育秧 Seedling raising	移栽 Transplanting	病虫防治 Pest control	收割 Harvest
小学及以下 Primary school and below	48.36	81.03	35.71	45.28**	34.48**	100.00
初中Junior high school	34.43	84.21	46.15	67.74**	51.35	94.29*
高中及以上 Senior high school and above	17.21	76.47	53.33	75.00	66.67	100.00

表3 不同收入水平所表现的生产环节外包特征

Table 3. Different income levels show the characteristics of outsourcing of production links. %

收入水平 Income level	样本占比 Percentage of samples	整地 Soil preparation	育秧 Seedling raising	移栽 Transplanting	病虫防治 Pest control	收割 Harvest
低收入组Low-income group	17.95	95.00	71.43	35.00	30.00	100.00
中等收入组Middle-income group	54.70	80.65	40.91	57.69**	38.71	100.00
高收入组High-income group	27.35	75.00*	37.50	70.37*	71.43***	92.59*

表4 种植规模对生产环节外包的影响

Table 4. Influence of planting scale on the outsourcing of production links. %

种稻面积 Rice planting area/667m²	样本占比 Percentage of samples	整地 Soil preparation	育秧 Seedling raising	移栽 Transplanting	病虫防治 Pest control	收割 Harvest
（0-2]	22.13	73.08	40.00*	43.48***	30.77***	100.00
（2-10]	22.95	91.67	30.77**	30.00***	12.50***	100.00
（10-50]	11.48	84.62	33.33*	50.00**	38.46**	100.00
（50-100]	10.66	61.54	33.33**	58.33**	61.54	100.00
（100-200]	14.75	100.00**	38.46**	73.33	70.59	94.12
>200	18.03	75.00	76.92	94.44	75.00	94.74

图6 不同种植规模农户技术密集型环节外包情况

Fig. 6. Technology-intensive link outsourcing rate of farmers differed in planting scale.

图7 不同种植规模农户劳动密集型环节外包情况

Fig. 7. Outsourcing rate of labor-intensive links of farmers differed in planting scale.

图8 不同务农方式农户的生产环节外包情况

Fig. 8. Outsourcing rate of production links of farmers with various farming practices.

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