不同植保机械喷施雾滴在水稻冠层沉积分布规律及对病虫害防效比较

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2022.210704

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】为阐明无人机与地面植保机械喷施雾滴在水稻冠层的沉积分布特征,比较其对不同冠层病虫害防治效果,科学推广及使用植保机械。【方法】采用雾滴沉积分布检测、利用率测定以及田间调查等方法,研究6种不同植保机械在水稻田喷雾后雾滴在冠层的沉积分布、利用率以及对纹枯病和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果。【结果】 3种无人飞机喷施雾滴在水稻冠层的沉积密度和覆盖率差异显著,在冠层上部的沉积量较其他3种地面植保机械高,但在下部的沉积量低。不同植保机械在冠层上、中、下层的沉积密度、覆盖率以及沉积量均呈递减趋势。施药后14 d,3种无人机较其他3种地面植保机械对稻纵卷叶螟的防效更高,为73.2%~84.7%。电动喷雾器和担架式喷雾机较3种无人飞机对纹枯病的防效更高,为79.6%~85.2%。【结论】针对水稻冠层上层虫害稻纵卷叶螟使用无人飞机进行防治效果更好,针对冠层下层病害纹枯病使用施药液量较大的地面植保机械防治效果更好。

关键词: 植保机械, 纹枯病, 稻纵卷叶螟, 雾滴沉积分布, 防治效果

Abstract:

【Objective】 To clarify the deposition and distribution characteristics of droplets sprayed by unmanned aircrafts and ground plant protection machinery in rice canopy, compare their control effects on diseases and pests in different canopy, and scientifically popularize and use plant protection machinery. 【Methods】 The distribution and utilization of droplets on the canopy of six kinds of plant protection machinery were studied by means of droplet deposition distribution detection, utilization rate measurement and field investigation, and their control effects on sheath blight and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis were also studied. 【Results】 The results showed that the deposition density and coverage of droplets sprayed by the three UAVs in rice canopy were significantly different. The deposition in the upper part of the rice canopy was higher than that of the other three ground plant protection machines, but the deposition in the lower part was lower and the difference was significant. The deposition density, coverage and deposition of different plant protection machinery on the upper, middle and lower layers of rice canopy showed a decreasing trend. Fourteen days after application, the control effect of the three kinds of unmanned aircraft on rice leaf rollers was higher than that of the other three kinds of ground plant protection machinery, up to 73.2%–84.7%. The electric sprayer and stretcher sprayer are more effective against the sheath blight than the 3 UAVs, up to79.6%–85.2%. 【Conclusion】 It is better to use unmanned aircraft to control rice leaf rollers in the upper layer of rice canopy, while it is better to use ground plant protection machinery with large amount of pesticide solution for sheath blight in the lower layer of canopy.

Key words: plant protection machinery, sheath blight, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, droplet deposition distribution, control effect

陈奕璇, 覃贵亮, 周晓欣, 黄军军, 蒙全, 吴俊辉, 闫晓静, 袁会珠. 不同植保机械喷施雾滴在水稻冠层沉积分布规律及对病虫害防效比较[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2022, 36(2): 207-214.

CHEN Yixuan, QIN Guiliang, ZHOU Xiaoxin, HUANG Junjun, MENG Quan, WU Junhui, YAN Xiaojing, YUAN Huizhu. Deposition and Distribution of Droplets Sprayed by Different Plant Protection Machinery in Rice Canopy and Comparison of Control Effects on Diseases and Pests[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2022, 36(2): 207-214.

图/表 12

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植保机械 Plant protection equipment	喷头类型 Type of nozzle	喷头数量 Number of nozzles	作业速度 Working speed/(m·s^-1)	作业高度 Working height /m	用水量 Spray volume /(L·hm^-2)
单旋翼无人飞机Single-rotor UAV	圆锥雾Conical fog	8	4	2	30
四旋翼无人飞机Four-rotor UAV	离心式Centrifugal	4	4	2	30
六旋翼无人飞机Six-rotor UAV	圆锥雾Conical fog	6	4	2	30
自走式喷杆喷雾机Self-propelled boom sprayer	扇形Fan	24	3	0.2	675
担架式喷雾机Stretcher sprayer	圆锥雾Conical fog	1	0.06	0.1	375
背负式电动喷雾器Knapsack electric sprayer	圆锥雾Conical fog	1	0.06	0.1	450
空白对照CK	/	/	/	/	/

植保机械 Plant protection equipment	喷头类型 Type of nozzle	喷头数量 Number of nozzles	作业速度 Working speed/(m·s^-1)	作业高度 Working height /m	用水量 Spray volume /(L·hm^-2)
单旋翼无人飞机Single-rotor UAV	圆锥雾Conical fog	8	4	2	30
四旋翼无人飞机Four-rotor UAV	离心式Centrifugal	4	4	2	30
六旋翼无人飞机Six-rotor UAV	圆锥雾Conical fog	6	4	2	30
自走式喷杆喷雾机Self-propelled boom sprayer	扇形Fan	24	3	0.2	675
担架式喷雾机Stretcher sprayer	圆锥雾Conical fog	1	0.06	0.1	375
背负式电动喷雾器Knapsack electric sprayer	圆锥雾Conical fog	1	0.06	0.1	450
空白对照CK	/	/	/	/	/

植保机械 Plant protection equipment	雾滴沉积密度Droplet deposition density per cm²			覆盖率Coverage rate/%
植保机械 Plant protection equipment	上层 Upper	中层 Middle	下层 Lower	上层 Upper	中层 Middle	下层 Lower
单旋翼无人飞机Single-rotor UAV	59±5 b	23±5 b	11±4 a	11.0±1.4 b	3.5±0.9 ab	1.6±0.4 ab
四旋翼无人飞机Four-rotor UAV	81±7 a	49±14 a	10±3 a	17.5±4.0 a	4.6±1.0 a	2.2±0.5 a
六旋翼无人飞机Six-rotor UAV	55±13 b	18±1 b	7±1 a	7.4±1.5 b	2.5±0.4 b	1.0±0.1 b

植保机械 Plant protection equipment	雾滴沉积密度Droplet deposition density per cm²			覆盖率Coverage rate/%
植保机械 Plant protection equipment	上层 Upper	中层 Middle	下层 Lower	上层 Upper	中层 Middle	下层 Lower
单旋翼无人飞机Single-rotor UAV	59±5 b	23±5 b	11±4 a	11.0±1.4 b	3.5±0.9 ab	1.6±0.4 ab
四旋翼无人飞机Four-rotor UAV	81±7 a	49±14 a	10±3 a	17.5±4.0 a	4.6±1.0 a	2.2±0.5 a
六旋翼无人飞机Six-rotor UAV	55±13 b	18±1 b	7±1 a	7.4±1.5 b	2.5±0.4 b	1.0±0.1 b

植保机械 Plant protection equipment	沉积量Deposition/(µg·cm^-2)			沉积利用率 Deposition utilization/%
植保机械 Plant protection equipment	上层Upper	中层Middle	下层Lower	沉积利用率 Deposition utilization/%
单旋翼无人飞机 Single-rotor UAV	1.07±0.19 ab	0.46±0.08 a	0.16±0.01 c	42±10 ab
四旋翼无人飞机 Four-rotor UAV	1.17±0.05 a	0.50±0.02 a	0.23±0.10 bc	61±24 a
六旋翼无人飞机 Six-rotor UAV	1.16±0.17 a	0.37±0.12 a	0.16±0.03 c	52±11 ab
自走式喷杆喷雾机 Self-propelled boom sprayer	0.74±0.16 b	0.45±0.08 a	0.36±0.01 a	33±11 b
担架式喷雾机 Stretcher sprayer	0.93±0.26 ab	0.49±0.08 a	0.26±0.07 abc	43±3 ab
背负式电动喷雾器 Knapsack electric sprayer	0.94±0.19 ab	0.45±0.11 a	0.34±0.03 ab	38±21 ab