氮肥减量后移对云南高原水旱轮作下粳稻群体质量及产量的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.9091

中国水稻科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (3): 266-277.DOI: 10.16819/j.1001-7216.2020.9091

氮肥减量后移对云南高原水旱轮作下粳稻群体质量及产量的影响

夏琼梅¹, 胡家权²^,^#, 董林波², 钱文娟², 何永福³, 李贵勇¹, 龙瑞平¹, 朱海平¹, 杨从党^1,^*()

¹云南省农业科学院粮食作物研究所,昆明 650200
²云南省曲靖市麒麟区农业技术推广中心,云南曲靖 655000
³云南省曲靖市麒麟区越州镇农业综合站,云南曲靖 655000

收稿日期:2019-08-08 修回日期:2019-12-13 出版日期:2020-05-15 发布日期:2020-05-10
通讯作者: 杨从党
作者简介:
^#共同第一作者
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划资助项目（2017YFD0300100;2016YFD0300506）;国家水稻产业技术体系重点项目（CARS-01-07B）

Effects of Reducing and Postponing Nitrogen Application on Population Quality and Grain Yield of japonica Rice Under Paddy-upland Crop Rotations in Yunnan Plateau

Qiongmei XIA¹, Jiaquan HU²^,^#, Linbo DONG², Wenjuan QIAN², Yongfu HE³, Guiyong LI¹, Ruiping LONG¹, Haiping ZHU¹, Congdang YANG^1,^*()

¹ Institute of Food Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
²Qiling District Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Qujing 655000, China
³Yuezhou Township Integrated Agricultural Station, Qujing 655000, China

Received:2019-08-08 Revised:2019-12-13 Online:2020-05-15 Published:2020-05-10
Contact: Congdang YANG
About author:
^#These authors contributed equally to this paper

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】为探究氮肥减量后移对高原粳稻产量及群体质量的影响,并为水稻氮肥减量施用提供依据。【方法】选用常规粳稻品种会粳17号和楚粳28号为材料,设置不同氮肥用量及运筹处理,分别为CF(当地常规施氮模式,折合纯氮270kg/hm²,基肥、分蘖肥、促花肥、保花肥用量之比为5∶5∶0∶0)、 RPN1(较CF减10%,3∶3∶2∶2)、RPN2(较CF减20%,2.5∶2.5∶2.5∶2.5)、RPN3(较CF减30%,0∶2∶5∶3)、RPN4(较CF减40%,0∶0∶6∶4)和CK(不施任何肥料的空白区)共6个处理,研究了水旱轮作(大蒜-水稻、烤烟→水稻)条件下氮肥减量后移对水稻生长发育、群体质量和产量的影响。【结果】空白区水稻产量两年均高于8 t/hm²,施氮后,产量显著增加;与CF处理相比,随着氮肥减量和后移比例的增加,水稻产量和氮肥农学利用效率逐渐增加,纯氮用量最少(162 kg/hm²)且全部后移至穗肥(m_促花肥∶m_保花肥=6∶4)施用,其产量最高,增产20%以上,氮肥农学利用率从低于10 kg/kg提高到20 kg/kg以上。氮肥减量后移使稻穗分化期延长,并形成抽穗期功能叶较长、叶长序数(由上而下)为2-3-1-4,高效叶面积率达80%以上,叶面积适宜的高光效群体,促进颖花分化攻取大穗。同时,成穗率提高,具有较高的群体生长率和抽穗后干物质积累量,构建了水稻高质量群体。【结论】通过氮肥用量及施用比例的优化,能有效减少稻田氮肥施入,提高云南粳稻产量和氮肥利用率。其中,水稻季不施入基蘖肥,供应氮素全部用作穗肥投入最少,产出最多。

关键词: 粳稻, 氮肥减量后移, 产量, 群体质量

Abstract:

：【Objective】The objective is to study the effect of reducing and postponing nitrogen application from earlier stage to later stage on population quality and yield, and to improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency for japonica rice on paddy-upland crop rotation in Yunnan Province.【Method】With two conventional japonica rice varieties(Huijing 17 and Chujing 28) as materials, a field plot experiment was carried out at six nitrogen application levels (270 kg/hm², 243 kg/hm², 216 kg/hm², 189 kg/hm² and 162 kg/hm²with the corresponding basal, tillering, spikelet-promoting and spikelet-sustaining nitrogen ratios of 5:5:0:0, 3:3:2:2, 2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5, 0:2:5:3, 0:0:6:4, 0:0:0:0).【Result】The yield, over 8 t/hm² at zero nitrogen fertilizer level in 2016 and 2017, increased significantly with rising nitrogen application level. As compared with conventional fertilization treatment (270 kg/hm² and 5:5:0:0), with the increasing ratio of spikelet-promoting fertilizer while reduced total nitrogen application rate, an increasing trend was observed in yield and nitrogen agronomic efficiency. The optimum treatment was a reduction of 40% in nitrogen application rate. With the reduction of nitrogen application rate, the yield increased by more than 20% and the nitrogen agronomic efficiency increased from less than 10 kg/kg to more than 20 kg/kg. After reducing and postponing nitrogen application from earlier stage to later stage, the period of young panicle differentiation was prolonged. With longer functional leaves, the ordinal number of leaf length from the top of 2-3-1-4, the efficient leaf area ratio more than 80%, and appropriate leaf area index at full heading stage, the high photosynthetic efficient population formed, which promoted the differentiation of spikelets. At the same time, the panicle-bearing tiller percentage increased, with a higher population growth rate and dry matter accumulation after heading. 【Conclusion】Optimizing the nitrogen fertilizer management can effectively reduce the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer in paddy field and improve grain yield and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer of japonica rice in Yunnan. Among them, spikelet-promoting nitrogen fertilizer application with zero basal-tiller fertilizer in the rice growing season required the least input but generated the most output.

Key words: japonica rice, reduce and postpone nitrogen application to later stage, grain yield, population quality

中图分类号:

夏琼梅, 胡家权, 董林波, 钱文娟, 何永福, 李贵勇, 龙瑞平, 朱海平, 杨从党. 氮肥减量后移对云南高原水旱轮作下粳稻群体质量及产量的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2020, 34(3): 266-277.

Qiongmei XIA, Jiaquan HU, Linbo DONG, Wenjuan QIAN, Yongfu HE, Guiyong LI, Ruiping LONG, Haiping ZHU, Congdang YANG. Effects of Reducing and Postponing Nitrogen Application on Population Quality and Grain Yield of japonica Rice Under Paddy-upland Crop Rotations in Yunnan Plateau[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2020, 34(3): 266-277.

图/表 9

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处理 Treatment	合计 Total /(kg·hm^-2)	基肥 Basal fertilizer /(kg·hm^-2)	分蘖肥 Fertilizer for tillering/(kg·hm^-2)	促花肥 Spikelet-promoting fertilizer/(kg·hm^-2)	保花肥 Spikelet-sustaining fertilizer/(kg·hm^-2)	运筹比例 Ratio
CF	270.0	135.0	135.0	0.0	0.0	5∶5∶0∶0
RPN1	243.0	72.9	72.9	48.6	48.6	3∶3∶2∶2
RPN2	216.0	54.0	54.0	54.0	54.0	2.5∶2.5∶2.5∶2.5
RPN3	189.0	0.0	37.8	94.5	56.7	0∶2∶5∶3
RPN4	162.0	0.0	0.0	97.2	64.8	0∶0∶6∶4
CK	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0∶0∶0∶0

处理 Treatment	合计 Total /(kg·hm^-2)	基肥 Basal fertilizer /(kg·hm^-2)	分蘖肥 Fertilizer for tillering/(kg·hm^-2)	促花肥 Spikelet-promoting fertilizer/(kg·hm^-2)	保花肥 Spikelet-sustaining fertilizer/(kg·hm^-2)	运筹比例 Ratio
CF	270.0	135.0	135.0	0.0	0.0	5∶5∶0∶0
RPN1	243.0	72.9	72.9	48.6	48.6	3∶3∶2∶2
RPN2	216.0	54.0	54.0	54.0	54.0	2.5∶2.5∶2.5∶2.5
RPN3	189.0	0.0	37.8	94.5	56.7	0∶2∶5∶3
RPN4	162.0	0.0	0.0	97.2	64.8	0∶0∶6∶4
CK	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0∶0∶0∶0

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	D1 (Month-Day)	D2 (Month-Day)	D3 (Month-Day)	D4 (Month-Day)	D5 /d	D6 /d	D7 /d	D8 /d	NL
2016	CF	04-26	06-20	07-25	09-15	55	35	52	179	13.4
	RPN1	04-26	06-20	07-27	09-18	55	37	53	182	13.7
	RPN2	04-26	06-20	07-30	09-20	55	40	52	184	13.7
	RPN3	04-26	06-20	08-01	09-22	55	42	52	186	13.5
	RPN4	04-26	06-20	08-04	09-22	55	45	49	186	13.8
	CK	04-26	06-20	07-22	09-13	55	32	53	177	13.8
2017	CF	05-09	06-18	07-29	09-17	40	41	50	188	14.8
	RPN1	05-09	06-18	07-31	09-20	40	43	51	191	15.0
	RPN2	05-09	06-18	08-03	09-22	40	46	50	193	15.0
	RPN3	05-09	06-18	08-05	09-25	40	48	51	196	15.0
	RPN4	05-09	06-18	08-08	09-25	40	51	48	196	14.8
	CK	05-09	06-18	07-27	09-15	40	39	50	186	14.8

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	D1 (Month-Day)	D2 (Month-Day)	D3 (Month-Day)	D4 (Month-Day)	D5 /d	D6 /d	D7 /d	D8 /d	NL
2016	CF	04-26	06-20	07-25	09-15	55	35	52	179	13.4
	RPN1	04-26	06-20	07-27	09-18	55	37	53	182	13.7
	RPN2	04-26	06-20	07-30	09-20	55	40	52	184	13.7
	RPN3	04-26	06-20	08-01	09-22	55	42	52	186	13.5
	RPN4	04-26	06-20	08-04	09-22	55	45	49	186	13.8
	CK	04-26	06-20	07-22	09-13	55	32	53	177	13.8
2017	CF	05-09	06-18	07-29	09-17	40	41	50	188	14.8
	RPN1	05-09	06-18	07-31	09-20	40	43	51	191	15.0
	RPN2	05-09	06-18	08-03	09-22	40	46	50	193	15.0
	RPN3	05-09	06-18	08-05	09-25	40	48	51	196	15.0
	RPN4	05-09	06-18	08-08	09-25	40	51	48	196	14.8
	CK	05-09	06-18	07-27	09-15	40	39	50	186	14.8

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Effective panicle number/(×10⁴·hm^-2)	总粒数 No. of spiklets per panicle	实粒数 No. of filled grains per panicle	结实率 Seed-setting rate/%	千粒重 1000-grain weight/g	总颖花量 Total spikelet number /(×10⁸·hm^-2)	实际产量 Grain yield /(t·hm^-2)	与CF相比增产 Compared with CF/%	氮肥农学利用率Nitrogen agronomic efficiency/(kg·kg^-1)
2016	CF	414.0±17.5 a	105.4±1.6 d	108.6±4.7 b	86.4±3.8 b	27.1±0.1 ab	4.4±0.5 c	10.4±0.7 b	-	6.6
	RPN1	435.0±25.6 a	123.6±5.3 c	108.6±5.5 b	84.4±1.2 bc	26.6±0.5 bc	5.4±0.1 b	12.1±0.6 a	16.4	14.6
	RPN2	456.0±40.7 a	129.9±1.3 bc	112.1±2.1 b	79.7±2.3 c	26.2±0.3 cd	5.9±1.0 a	12.3±0.5 a	18.3	17.4
	RPN3	457.5±22.2 a	132.2±4.7 b	109.9±2.4 b	79.6±3.7 c	25.8±0.2 de	6.1±0.7 a	12.4±0.6 a	19.2	20.1
	RPN4	453.0±15.4 a	139.6±1.8 a	133.3±2.1 a	79.0±2.4 c	25.6±0.2 e	6.3±0.3 a	12.6±0.3 a	21.2	24.9
	CK	334.5±12.3 b	106.0±4.3 d	106.4±6.7 b	92.4±3.6 a	27.6±0.2 a	3.5±0.8 d	8.6±0.9 c	-	-
	平均值Average	425.0±22.3	122.8±3.2	113.1±3.9	83.6±2.9	26.5±0.3	5.3±0.6	11.4±0.6	18.8	16.7
2017	CF	415.0±31.2 b	148.2±4.9 c	91.1±3.6 c	73.3±3.6 bc	23.1±0.7 a	6.2±0.6 b	10.3±0.5 c	-	7.0
	RPN1	458.8±32.3 ab	148.3±0.8 c	104.3±1.3 ab	73.2±0.5 bc	23.5±0.1 a	6.8±0.8 b	11.5±0.8 b	11.7	12.8
	RPN2	445.0±51.1 ab	157.4±9.2 bc	103.5±7.2 ab	71.2±1.4 bc	23.2±0.6 a	7.0±0.5 b	11.5±0.4 b	11.7	14.3
	RPN3	491.3±18.8 a	160.4±5.2 ab	105.2±9.5 ab	68.6±7.6 c	22.7±0.6 a	7.9±0.6 a	12.0±0.6 ab	16.5	18.9
	RPN4	418.8±5.7 b	168.7±2.1 a	110.3±1.1 a	79.0±0.9 ab	23.4±0.2 a	7.1±0.3 ab	13.1±0.3 a	27.2	28.9
	CK	321.3±30.3 c	126.8±8.8 d	97.9±2.9 bc	84.2±6.9 a	23.5±0.4 a	4.1±0.5 c	8.4±0.9 d	-	-
	平均值Average	423.8±28.2	151.6±5.2	102.1±3.9	74.9±3.5	23.2±0.4	6.5±0.5	11.2±0.6	16.8	16.4

氮肥减量后移对云南高原水旱轮作下粳稻群体质量及产量的影响

Effects of Reducing and Postponing Nitrogen Application on Population Quality and Grain Yield of japonica Rice Under Paddy-upland Crop Rotations in Yunnan Plateau

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Metrics

处理 Treatment	齐穗期 Heading			成熟期 Maturity	RSL /(spikelet·cm^-2)	RFL /(grain·cm^-2)	RGL /(mg·cm^-2)
处理 Treatment	HLAI	TLAI	HELAR/%	ELAI	RSL /(spikelet·cm^-2)	RFL /(grain·cm^-2)	RGL /(mg·cm^-2)
CF	2.9±0.3 b	3.9±0.4 b	74.4±0.1 c	1.2±0.0 a	1.59±0.2 b	1.16±0.1 b	26.70±3.4 b
RPN1	3.5±0.4 ab	4.6±0.6 a	74.7±0.3 c	0.8±0.1 b	1.49±0.2 b	1.09±0.2 b	25.25±3.9 b
RPN2	3.2±0.2 b	4.2±0.2 ab	76.2±0.9 c	0.8±0.0 b	1.66±0.0 b	1.18±0.0 b	27.39±0.6 b
RPN3	4.0±0.3 a	4.9±0.3 a	81.5±1.7 b	1.1±0.0 a	1.62±0.0 b	1.11±0.1 b	24.81±2.9 b
RPN4	3.0±0.3 b	3.6±0.3 b	84.2±1.9 a	1.2±0.1 a	1.98±0.2 a	1.56±0.1 a	36.76±3.4 a
CK	1.8±0.1 c	2.3±0.1 c	76.2±1.5 c	0.5±0.1 c	1.74±0.2 ab	1.46±0.0 a	35.96±1.7 a
平均值 Average	3.1±0.3	3.9±0.3	77.9±1.0	0.9±0.0	1.68±0.1	1.26±0.1	29.48±2.6

处理 Treatment	SPAD值 SPAD value				叶长 Leaf length/cm				叶长序数 (由上而下) ONL
处理 Treatment	倒1叶 First leaf from top	倒2叶 Second leaf from top	倒3叶 Third leaf from top	倒4叶 Fourth leaf from top	倒1叶 First leaf from top	倒2叶 Second leaf from top	倒3叶 Third leaf from top	倒4叶 Fourth leaf from top	叶长序数 (由上而下) ONL
CF	38.6±1.3 cd	39.9±0.5 b	38.6±2.2 b	32.3±1.5 b	24.4±1.6 c	35.0±2.7 c	42.6±2.4 a	44.0±0.9 a	4-3-2-1
RPN1	40.4±1.3 bc	41.6±0.6 b	40.5±2.3 b	33.9±3.3 ab	27.9±1.9 b	37.2±2.6 bc	41.9±1.3 a	41.4±1.8 ab	3-4-2-1
RPN2	42.0±1.7 b	44.8±1.7 a	45.0±0.4 a	35.8±1.8 ab	30.2±2.6 b	39.6±1.6 b	41.5±0.8 a	39.4±3.3 bc	3-2-4-1
RPN3	42.8±2.3 ab	44.6±2.6 a	45.1±2.4 a	36.7±1.3 a	36.3±0.2 a	44.0±0.5 a	40.5±1.7 a	36.7±1.6 c	2-3-4-1
RPN4	45.1±1.4 a	45.2±1.2 a	45.7±2.1 a	36.9±2.8 a	34.6±2.2 a	40.4±0.5 ab	35.9±0.7 b	31.6±0.1 d	2-3-1-4
CK	36.7±1.5 d	34.8±0.8 c	33.4±2.0 c	22.0±1.7 c	23.6±2.0 c	31.2±2.8 d	33.5±2.0 b	32.2±1.5 d	3-4-2-1
平均值 Average	40.9±1.6	41.8±1.2	41.4±1.9	32.4±2.1	29.5±1.7	37.9±1.8	39.3±1.5	37.6±1.5	-

处理 Treatment	群体干物质量 Population dry matter weight/(t·hm^-2)		抽穗后干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation after heading/(t·hm^-2)	群体生长率 Population growth rate /(g·m^-2d^-1)	净同化率 Net assimilation rate /(g·m^-2 d^-1)
处理 Treatment	齐穗期 Heading	成熟期 Maturity	抽穗后干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation after heading/(t·hm^-2)	群体生长率 Population growth rate /(g·m^-2d^-1)	净同化率 Net assimilation rate /(g·m^-2 d^-1)
CF	12.6±1.0 a	21.5±1.3 ab	8.9±0.9 c	17.8±1.8 c	7.9±1.0 d
RPN1	12.5±1.0 a	21.2±0.9 b	8.7±0.2 c	17.0±0.4 c	7.9±0.8 d
RPN2	12.1±0.4 a	21.7±0.8 ab	9.6±1.1 bc	19.3±2.1 bc	9.5±1.0 bc
RPN3	12.3±0.5 a	22.9±0.4 a	10.6±0.6 ab	20.8±1.2 ab	8.2±0.7 cd
RPN4	10.7±0.3 b	21.7±0.5 ab	11.0±0.3 a	22.8±0.5 a	10.7±0.6 ab
CK	8.9±0.6 c	16.0±0.7 c	7.1±0.1 d	14.2±0.3 d	11.5±0.3 a
平均值Average	11.5±0.6	20.8±0.8	9.3±0.5	18.6±1.0	9.3±0.8

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