稻油轮作下油菜秸秆还田与水氮管理对杂交稻群体质量和产量的影响

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2019.8102

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究秸秆还田与水氮配施的理论与技术,探讨对水稻群体质量和产量形成的影响。【方法】选用宜香优2115为试验材料,三因素裂裂区设计,主区为油菜秸秆堆腐还田和直接还田两种秸秆还田方式,裂区为淹水灌溉和控制性交替灌溉两种水分管理方式,裂裂区为4种施氮量,分析对水稻群体质量及产量的影响,并探讨秸秆还田与水氮管理模式下群体质量和产量形成的关系。【结果】秸秆还田与水氮管理对主要生育时期水稻干物质积累量、叶面积指数(LAI)及产量均存在显著或极显著的调控效应,互作效应显著;且群体质量指标与产量呈显著或极显著正相关。秸秆堆腐还田对水稻群体质量指标的调控显著高于秸秆直接还田,齐穗期高效叶面积指数提高了4.71%~6.50%,群体干物质显著增加了9.22%~13.30%;并对水稻产量及其构成因素影响显著,有效穗数及每穗粒数分别提高了5.9%~9.8%和1.5%~5.2%,从而使产量提高了9.5%~13.4%。控制性交替灌溉相对于淹灌能保证足够的穗数,提高干物质积累量,减缓拔节至齐穗期叶面积衰减,加快结实期群体生长率,利于穗粒数及产量的提高;且随着氮肥用量的增加,分蘖数、干物质积累量、有效叶面积率和高效叶面积率均呈先增后降的趋势。【结论】从三因素间的互作效应来看,秸秆堆腐还田处理下,控制性交替灌溉与施氮量150 kg/hm²,可有效提高齐穂期高效叶面积指数(4.80~5.32),具有较高的结实期干物质积累量(6.94~7.36 t/hm²),显著提高了有效穗(181.6万~220.9万/hm²)及每穗粒数(180~200粒),从而显著提高产量达到10328.1~12464.1 kg/hm²,为本研究节水减氮增效最佳的处理。

关键词: 杂交水稻, 秸秆还田, 灌水方式, 施氮量, 群体质量, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】It has great significance to investigate the interaction mode between straw returning and water-nitrogen (N) management on rice population quality and yield.【Method】Hybrid rice (Yixiangyou 2115) was used as experimental materials with two straw retention ways as main plot (crop straw composting and direct straw returning) and conventional irrigation and alternate irrigation as split plot and four N rates as split-split plot. The relationship between population quality and yield of hybrid rice were also analyzed.【Results】Straw returning and water-nitrogen (N) management exert significant or extremely significant effects on biomass accumulation of hybrid rice, LAI and grain yield. Correlation analysis indicated that there existed significantly or highly significantly positive correlations between population quality index and yield. The straw composting had a highly significant effect on population growth rate and grain yield compared with direct straw returning, the high valid leaf area index at the full heading stage increased by 4.71%-6.50%, Dry matter weight of population during maturity increased by 9.22%-13.30%, and the effective panicle number increased by 5.9%-9.8%, the spikelet number by 1.5%-5.2%, the yield by 9.5%-13.4%. Compared with conventional irrigation, controlled alternative irrigation could ensure sufficient panicle number, increase dry matter accumulation, slow down leaf area attenuation rate from jointing stage to full heading stage, accelerate population growth rate at seed-setting stage, and increase grain number per panicle and yield significantly. With the increase of nitrogen rate, the number of tillers, dry matter accumulation, effective leaf area ratio and effective leaf area rate all increased at first and then decreased. 【Conclusion】 From the perspective of the effect of the three factors, straw composting, alternative irrigation, 150 kg/hm² nitrogen level were the optimum treatment of water saving and N reduction in this experiment. It can significantly improve efficient LAI of full heading (4.80-5.32), enhance the high dry matter accumulation rate during filling stage (6.94-7.36 t/hm²), notely increase effective panicle number (181.6×10⁴-220.9×10⁴/hm²) and grain number per panicle(180-200), achieving grain yield of hybrid rice of 10328.1-12464.1 kg/hm².

Key words: hybrid rice, straw returning, irrigation regimes, N rate, population quality, yield

中图分类号:

殷尧翥, 郭长春, 孙永健, 武云霞, 余华清, 孙知白, 张桥, 王海月, 杨志远, 马均. 稻油轮作下油菜秸秆还田与水氮管理对杂交稻群体质量和产量的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2019, 33(3): 257-268.

Yaozhu YIN, Changchun GUO, Yongjian SUN, Yunxia WU, Huaqing YU, Zhibai SUN, Qiao ZHANG, Haiyue WANG, Zhiyuan YANG, Jun MA. Effects of Rape Straw Retention and Water and Nitrogen Management on Population Quality and Yield of Hybrid Rice Under Rice-rape Rotation[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2019, 33(3): 257-268.

图/表 11

参考文献 34

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年份 Year	全氮 Total N/(g·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter/(g·kg^-1)	速效养分 Available nutrient/(mg·kg^-1)			pH	秸秆量 Rape straw amount/(t·hm^-2)
年份 Year	全氮 Total N/(g·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter/(g·kg^-1)	N	P	K	pH	秸秆量 Rape straw amount/(t·hm^-2)
2017	1.17	19.3	91.3	31.3	86.3	6.4	10.34
2018	1.81	24.8	112.5	22.8	107.1	5.9	11.18

年份 Year	全氮 Total N/(g·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter/(g·kg^-1)	速效养分 Available nutrient/(mg·kg^-1)			pH	秸秆量 Rape straw amount/(t·hm^-2)
年份 Year	全氮 Total N/(g·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter/(g·kg^-1)	N	P	K	pH	秸秆量 Rape straw amount/(t·hm^-2)
2017	1.17	19.3	91.3	31.3	86.3	6.4	10.34
2018	1.81	24.8	112.5	22.8	107.1	5.9	11.18

处理 Treatment	籽粒产量 Grain yield	有效穗数 Effective panicle number	每穗粒数 Number of grains per panicle	结实率 Seed-setting rate	千粒重 1000-grain weight
秸秆还田 Straw returning (A)	153.42^**	379.85^**	49.41^*	28.89^*	35.12^*
灌水方式 Irrigation method (W)	66.16^**	52.91^**	30.51^**	34.13^**	0.95
施氮量 N rate(N)	520.95^**	227.84^**	2153.67^**	43.10^**	25.02^**
A×W	0.34	3.55	20.21^*	1.12	1.77
A×N	19.38^**	13.90^**	176.09^**	2.46	9.29^**
W×N	6.70^*	0.57	17.81^**	2.47	3.29^*
A×W×N	9.70^*	1.94	15.90^**	1.42	7.17^**

处理 Treatment	籽粒产量 Grain yield	有效穗数 Effective panicle number	每穗粒数 Number of grains per panicle	结实率 Seed-setting rate	千粒重 1000-grain weight
秸秆还田 Straw returning (A)	153.42^**	379.85^**	49.41^*	28.89^*	35.12^*
灌水方式 Irrigation method (W)	66.16^**	52.91^**	30.51^**	34.13^**	0.95
施氮量 N rate(N)	520.95^**	227.84^**	2153.67^**	43.10^**	25.02^**
A×W	0.34	3.55	20.21^*	1.12	1.77
A×N	19.38^**	13.90^**	176.09^**	2.46	9.29^**
W×N	6.70^*	0.57	17.81^**	2.47	3.29^*
A×W×N	9.70^*	1.94	15.90^**	1.42	7.17^**

处理 Treatment	结实期干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation during filling stage	结实期群体生长率 Population growth rate during filling stage	成熟期单茎干物质量 Total weight per stem at maturity	拔节期总叶面积 Total LAI during jointing	齐穗期总叶面积 Total LAI at full heading	齐穗期高效叶面积 Efficient LAI at full heading	拔节至齐穗叶面积衰减率 Decreasing rate of leaf area at jointing-full heading
秸秆还田Straw returning (A)	611.60^**	608.96^**	627.66^**	42.58^*	35.48^*	96.09^*	28.16^*
灌水方式Irrigation method (W)	9.56^*	9.65^*	118.58^**	0.58	0.04	46.83^**	8.56^*
施氮量 N rate(N)	305.48^**	305.41^**	480.07^**	255.04^**	346.73^**	868.59^**	1185.76^**
A×W	0.67	0.68	7.03^*	8.73^*	0.78	0.17	5.30
A×N	11.31^**	11.32^**	0.99	9.31^**	4.60^*	3.94^*	4.29^*
W×N	7.43^*	7.39^**	1.07	0.43	0.67	2.47	7.58^**
A×W×N	2.73	2.75^*	0.80	0.66	0.17	1.84	3.95^*