优质丰产杂交籼稻品种机直播产量构成及其群体质量研究

doi:10.16819/j.1001-7216.2018.8016

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】本研究旨在明确适宜平原(崇州)与丘陵(三台)稻区机直播优质杂交籼稻高产品种群体质量的共性特征,构建规范化的机直播优质杂交籼稻高产品种的鉴选方法和评价标准,以及为杂交籼稻机械化直播配套技术的融合提供理论及实践依据。【方法】两生态区以29个品种为试材,采用人工模拟精量穴直播(以下简称机直播),研究机直播对平原与丘陵稻区不同产量水平的优质杂交籼稻群体质量特征及产量的影响,并探讨机直播优质杂交籼稻群体质量特征与产量间的关系。【结果】依据两生态区各品种的平均籽粒产量聚类分析,将两生态区供试品种分为高产、中产、低产3种类型。其中,三台高产类型品种占17.24%,中产、低产类型品种占82.76%;崇州高产类型品种占10.34%,中产、低产类型品种占89.66%。与中产、低产类型品种相比,两生态区高产类型品种的共性特征为分蘖能力强、有效穗数多、结实率高,拔节期后叶面积指数(LAI)大,干物质累积量高;结实期顶3叶叶长、叶位、叶张角、株高及其顶部截获光能优势明显。相关分析表明,机直播条件下,除群体透光率、顶3叶叶张角、分蘖盛期LAI及干物质累积量外,各群体质量指标与籽粒产量均呈显著或极显著正相关(r =0.37^*~0.90^**),尤其是齐穗期高效LAI率、成熟期干物质累积量及其收获指数与产量的相关性。【结论】机直播条件下,高产类型品种能够获得较高的有效穗数和每穗实粒数,并协同提高结实率,实现生育后期群体干物质的高增长,从而获得较高产量。

关键词: 机直播, 杂交籼稻品种, 产量类型, 产量构成, 群体质量

Abstract:

【Objective】Our aim is to explore the common characteristics of high-yielding and high quality indica hybrid rice varieties suitable for mechanical direct seeding in plain (Chongzhou) and hilly (Santai) areas and establish a standardized selection method and evaluation criteria for it, which could lay a theoretical and practical basis for the integration of hybrid indica rice mechanized seeding technology.【Method】Twenty-nine indica hybrid rice combinations were used as materials in two ecological zones, artificial simulated mechanized precise hill-seeding (mechanical direct seeding for short), and the effects of mechanical direct seeding on the population quality characteristics and yield of high-quality indica hybrid rice with different yield levels in plain and hilly areas were studied, the relationship between population quality characteristics and yield of high-quality indica hybrid rice combinations by mechanical seeding was also discussed.【Results】The results showed that, by cluster analysis based on average grain yield of each cultivars in the two areas, the 29 tested combinations could be classified into three groups: high-yielding, mid-yielding, and low-yielding. In the total tested cultivars, high-yielding combinations from Santai accounted for 17.24%, and other types covered 82.76%, high-yielding varieties from Chongzhou were 10.34%, and other types were 89.66%. Compared with the middle-yield and low-yielding varieties, the common high yielding varieties were featured by strong tillering ability, more effective panicles, higher seed-setting rate, higher leaf area index(LAI) after jointing stage and higher dry matter accumulation, moreover, its leaf length, leaf position, leaf opening angle of top three, plant height, top light energy intercept during filling exceled obviously. In addition to population light transmittance, leaf opening angle, tillering LAI and dry matter accumulation, correlation analysis indicated that there existed significantly or highly significantly positive correlations (r=0.37*-0.90**) between index of population quality and yield under mechanical direct-seeding, especially between high efficiency LAI rate at full heading, dry matter accumulation at maturity, and harvest index and yield.【Conclusion】High-yielding varieties have higher panicle and grain number per panicle, and seed-setting rate and high growth at late growth stage. That is how it can obtain higher yields under mechanical direct-sowing.

Key words: mechanical direct-sowing, indica hybrid rice varieties, yield type, yield formation, population quality

中图分类号:

S511.042

郭长春, 孙知白, 孙永健, 殷尧翥, 武云霞, 唐源, 杨志远, 向开宏, 马均. 优质丰产杂交籼稻品种机直播产量构成及其群体质量研究[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2018, 32(5): 462-474.

Changchun GUO, Zhibai SUN, Yongjian SUN, Yaozhu YIN, Yunxia WU, Yuan TANG, Zhiyuan YANG, Kaihong XIANG, Jun MA. Study on Yield Formation and Population Quality of indica Hybrid Rice with Good Quality and High Yield Under Mechanical Direct Seeding[J]. Chinese Journal OF Rice Science, 2018, 32(5): 462-474.

图/表 12

参考文献 30

[1]	许轲, 唐磊, 郭保卫, 张洪程, 霍中洋, 戴其根, 魏海燕. 不同直播方式水稻产量及其物质生产特点. 扬州大学学报: 农业与生命科学版, 2014, 35(3): 42-47.
	Xu K, Tang L, Guo B W, Zhang H C, Huo Z Y, Dai Q G, Wei H Y.Grain yield and matter accumulation characteristics of rice in the different patterns of direct-seeding cultivation.J Yangzhou Univ: Agric & Life Sci, 2014, 35(3): 42-47. (in Chinese with English)
[2]	姚义, 霍中洋, 张洪程, 夏炎, 倪晓诚, 戴其根, 许轲, 魏海燕. 不同生态区播期对直播稻生育期及温光利用的影响. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45(4): 633-647.
	Yao Y, Huo Z Y, Zhang H C, Xia Y, Ni X C, Dai Q G, Xu K, Wei H Y.Effects of sowing date on growth stage and utilization of temperature and illumination of direct seeding rice in different ecological regions.Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45(4): 633-647. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]	霍中洋, 姚义, 张洪程, 夏炎, 倪晓诚, 戴其根, 许轲, 魏海燕. 播期对直播稻光合物质生产特征的影响. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45(13): 2592-2606.
	Huo Z Y, Yao Y, Zhang H C, Xia Y, Ni X C, Dai Q G, Xu K, Wei H Y.Effect of sowing date on characteristics of photosynthesis and matter production of direct seeding rice.Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45(13): 2592-2606. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]	蒋明金, 马均, 孙永健, 严奉君, 徐徽, 杨志远, 孙加威. 播种量和氮肥运筹对直播杂交稻光合生产力及氮素利用的影响. 浙江大学学报:农业与生命科学版, 2015, 41(5): 516-526.
	Jiang M J, Ma J, Sun Y J, Yan F J, Xu H, Yang Z Y, Sun J W.Effects of seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer managements on photosynthetic productivity and nitrogen utilization in direct-seeded rice. J Zhejiang Univ: Agric & Life Sci, 2015, 41(5): 516-526. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]	Pan S G, Wen X C, Wang Z M, Ashraf U, Tian H, Duan M Y, Mo Z W, Fan P S, Tang X R.Benefits of mechanized deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer in direct-seeded rice in South China.Field Crops Res, 2017, 203: 139-149.
[6]	钱银飞, 张洪程, 李杰, 陈烨, 郭振华, 吴文革, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 李德剑, 周有炎. 不同穗型水稻品种直播产量及其群体质量特征的研究. 江西农业大学学报, 2008, 30(5): 766-772.
	Qian Y F, Zhang H C, Li J, Chen Y, Guo Z H, Wu W G, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Li D J, Zhou Y Y.Studies on yield and characteristics of plant population quality of direct-seeded rice cultivars of different panicle types.Acta Agric Univ Jiangxiensis, 2008, 30(5): 766-772. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]	Xing Z P, Hu Y J, Qian H J, Cao W W, Guo B W, Wei H Y, Xu K, Huo Z Y, Zhou G S, Dai Q G, Zhng H C.Comparison of yield traits in rice among three mechanized planting methods in a rice-wheat rotation system.J Integ Agric, 2017, 16(7): 1451-1466.
[8]	曾令琴, 李光华, 徐志丹, 李明举. 杂交水稻品种机械穴直播适宜性研究. 种子, 2016, 35(7): 110-113.
	Zeng L Q, Li G H, Xu Z D, Li M J.Study on the suitability for direct seeding of hybrid rice varieties.Seed, 2016, 35(7): 110-113. (in Chinese with English)
[9]	孙永健, 郑洪帧, 徐徽, 杨志远, 贾现文, 程洪彪, 马均. 机械旱直播方式促进水稻生长发育提高产量. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(20): 10-18.
	Sun Y J, Zheng H Z, Xu H, Yang Z Y, Jia X W, Cheng H B, Ma J.Mechanical dry direct-sowing modes improving growth development and yield of rice.Tran Chin Soci Agric Engin, 2014, 30(20): 10-18. (in Chinese with English)
[10]	曾勇军, 石庆华, 潘晓华, 韩涛. 长江中下游双季稻高产株型特征初步研究. 作物学报, 2009, 35(3): 546-551.
	Zeng Y J, Shi Q H, Pan X H, Han T.Preliminary study on the plant type characteristics of double cropping rice in middle and lower reaches of changjiang river.Acta Agron Sin, 2009, 35(3): 546-551. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]	高成旭, 田青兰, 陶有凤, 任万军. 2000—2015 年四川省杂交籼稻品种的稻米品质变化分析. 杂交水稻, 2017, 32(1): 5-11.
	Gao C X, Tian Q L, Tao Y F, Ren W J.Analysis on grain quality change of indica hybrid rice varieties of sichuan province during 2000~2015.Hybird Rice, 2017, 32(1): 5-11. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]	郭长春, 何艳, 孙永健, 严奉君, 王海月, 杨志远, 徐徽, 殷尧翥, 严田蓉, 马均. 直播杂交籼稻品种不同产量水平与产量形成特征及其差异性比较. 四川农业大学学报, 2017, 35(4): 476-483.
	Guo C C, He Y, Sun Y J, Yan F J, Wang H Y, Yang Z Y, Xu H, Yin Y Z, Yan T R, Ma J.Comparison of different yield levels and yield formation characteristics and differences of indica hybrid rice under direct-swoing.J Sichuan Agri Univ, 2017, 35(4): 476-483. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]	杨从党, 李刚华, 李贵勇, 夏琼梅,邓安凤, 刘正辉, 王绍华, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 立体生态区水稻定量促控栽培技术的增产机理. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45(10): 1904-1913.
	Yang C D, Li G H, Li G Y, Xia Q M, Deng A F, Liu Z H, Wang S H, Ling Q H, Ding Y F.Research on the mechanism of grain yield increase of rice by quantitative intensifying and controlling cultivation under an erect ecology in yunnan province of china.Sci Agric Sin,2012, 45(10): 1909-1913. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]	Takai T, Matsuura S, Nishio T, Ohsumi A, Shiraiwa T, Horie T.Rice yield potential is closely related to crop growth rate during late reproductive period. Field Crops Res, 2006, 96: 328-335.
[15]	罗德强, 王绍华, 江学海, 李刚华, 周维佳, 李敏, 姬广梅, 丁艳锋, 凌启鸿, 刘正辉. 贵州省高原山区杂交籼稻不同产量水平群体的特征. 作物学报, 2016, 42(12): 1817-1826.
	Luo D Q, Wang S H, Jiang X H, Li G H, Zhou W J, Li M, Ji G H, Ding Y F, Lin Q H, Liu Z H.Characterization of populations with different yield levels in indica hybrid rice in plateau area of guizhou province.Acta Agron Sin, 2016, 42(12): 1817-1826. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]	马均, 朱庆森, 马文波, 田彦华, 杨建昌, 周开达. 重穗型水稻光合作用、物质积累与运转的研究. 中国农业科学, 2003, 36: 375-381.
	Ma J, Zhu Q S, Ma W B, Tian Y H, Yang J C, Zhou K D.Studies on the photosynthetic characteristics and accumulation and transformation of assimilation product in heavy panicle type of rice.Sci Agric Sin, 2003, 36: 375-381. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]	王海月, 李玥, 孙永健, 李应洪, 蒋明金, 王春雨, 赵建红, 孙园园, 徐徽, 严奉君, 马均. 不同施氮水平下缓释氮肥配施对机插稻氮素利用特征及产量的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2017, 31(1): 50-64.
	Wang H Y, Li Y, Sun Y J, Li Y H, Jiang M J, Wang C Y, Zhao J H, Sun Y Y, Xu H, Yan F J, Ma J.Effects of slow-release urea on nitrogen utilization and yield in mechanically-trans-planted rice under different nitrogen application rates. Chin J Rice Sci, 2017,31(1): 50-64. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]	李敏, 张洪程, 杨雄, 葛梦婕, 马群, 魏海燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲. 水稻高产氮高效型品种的物质积累与转运特性. 作物学报, 2013, 39(1): 101-109.
	Li M, Zhang H C, Yang X, Ge M J, Ma Q, Wei H Y, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K.Characteristics of dry matter accumulation and translocation in rice cultivars with high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency.Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39(1): 101-109. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]	罗德强, 王绍华, 江学海, 李刚华, 周维佳, 李敏, 姬广梅, 丁艳锋, 凌启鸿, 刘正辉. 精确定量施肥对贵州高原山区杂交籼稻产量与群体质量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(11): 2099-2108.
	Luo D Q, Wang S H, Jiang X H, Li G H, Zhou W J, Li M, Ji G H, Ding Y F, Lin Q H, Liu Z H.Effects of accurate fertilizer model (af) on yield and population quality of hybrid indica rice cultivars in guizhou highland area.Sci Agric Sin, 2014, 47(11): 2099-2108. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]	秦俭, 杨志远, 孙永健, 徐徽, 吕腾飞, 代邹, 郑家奎, 蒋开锋, 马均. 氮素穗肥运筹对两个杂交中籼稻叶片形态、光合生产及产量的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2017, 31(4): 391-399.
	Qin J, Yang Z Y, Sun Y J, Xu H, Lv T F, Dai Z, Zheng J K, Jiang K F, Ma J.Effects of nitrogen topdressing for panicle initiation on leaf morphology, photosynthetic production and grain yield of two middle-season hybrid rice.Chin J Rice Sci, 2017,31(4): 391-399. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]	杨建昌, 杜永, 吴长付, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39(7): 1336-1345.
	Yang J C, Du Y, Wu C F, Liu L J, Wang Z Q, Zhu Q S.Growth and Development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid-season japonica rice.Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39(7): 1336-1345. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]	马群, 杨雄, 李敏, 李国业, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉. 不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种的物质生产积累. 中国农业科学 2011,44(20): 4159-4169.
	Ma Q, Yang X, Li M, Li G Y, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y, Gao H.Studies on the characteristics of dry matter production and accumulation of rice varieties with different productivity levels.Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44(20): 4159-4169. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]	Chauhan B S.Effect of tillage systems, seeding rates, and herbicides on weed growth and grain yield in dry-seeded rice systems in the Philippines.Crop Prot, 2013, 54: 244-250.
[24]	Chauhan B S, Opena J.Weed management and grain yield of rice sown at low seeding rates in mechanized dry-seeded systems.Field Crops Res, 2013,14: 19-15.
[25]	Ehsanullah, Anjum S A, Ashraf U, Rafiq H, Tanveer M, Khan I. Effect of sowing dates and weed control methods on weed infestation, growth and yield of direct-seeded rice.Philip Agric Sci, 2014, 97(3): 307-312.
[26]	孙永健, 马均, 孙园园, 徐徽, 严奉君, 代邹, 蒋明金, 李玥. 水氮管理模式对杂交籼稻冈优 527 群体质量和产量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(10): 2047-2061.
	Sun Y J, Ma J, Sun Y Y, Xu H, Yan F J, Dai Z, Jiang M J, Li Y.Effects of water and nitrogen management patterns on population quality and yield of hybrid rice gangyou 527.Sci Agric Sin, 2014, 47(10): 2047-2061. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]	李景蕻, 李刚华, 张应贵, 罗启荣, 杨从党, 王绍华, 刘正辉, 王强盛, 丁艳锋. 精确定量栽培对高海拔寒冷生态区水稻株型及产量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42(9): 3067-3077.
	Li J H, Li G H, Zhang Y G, Luo Q R, Yang C D, Wang S H, Liu Z H, Wang Q S, Ding Y F.Effects of precise and quantitative cultivation on plant type and yield of rice in high altitude and cold ecological area.Sci Agric Sin, 2009, 42(9): 3067-3077. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]	任亮, 郑家奎, 蒋强. 长江上游地区高产杂交水稻品种部分株型因子及生理特征研究. 西南农业学报, 2008, 21(6): 1551-1554.
	Ren L, Zheng J K, Jiang Q. tudies on some plant type components and physiological characteristics of high-yielding hybrid rice in up stream of Yangtze River.Southwest China J Agric Sci, 2008, 21(6): 1551-1554. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]	杜永, 王艳, 王学红, 孙乃立, 杨建昌. 黄淮地区不同粳稻品种株型、产量与品质的比较分析. 作物学报, 2007, 33(7): 1079-1085.
	Du Y, Wang Y, Wang X H, Sun N L, Yang J C.Comparisons of plant type , grain yield, and quality of different japonica rice cultivars in huanghe-huaihe river area.Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33(7): 1079-1085. (in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]	张庆, 殷春渊, 张洪程, 魏海燕, 马群, 杭杰, 李敏, 李国业. 水稻氮高产高效与低产低效两类品种株型特征差异研究. 作物学报, 2010, 36(6): 1011-1021.
	Zhang Q, Yin C Y, Zhang H C, Wei H Y, Ma Q, Hang J, Li M, Li G Y.Differences of plant-type characteristics between rice cultivars with high and low levels in yield and nitrogen use efficiency.Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36(6): 1011-1021. (in Chinese with English abstract)

地点 Location	前茬 Fore crop	pH值 pH value	有机质 Organic matter /(g·kg^–1)	全氮 Total N content /(g·kg^–1)	速效磷 Available P /(mg·kg^–1)	速效钾 Available K /(mg·kg^–1)
三台Santai	油菜Oilseed rape	7.48	30.57	1.80	40.59	123.47
崇州Chongzhou	蔬菜Vagetable	7.38	26.95	1.32	34.09	113.70

地点 Location	前茬 Fore crop	pH值 pH value	有机质 Organic matter /(g·kg^–1)	全氮 Total N content /(g·kg^–1)	速效磷 Available P /(mg·kg^–1)	速效钾 Available K /(mg·kg^–1)
三台Santai	油菜Oilseed rape	7.48	30.57	1.80	40.59	123.47
崇州Chongzhou	蔬菜Vagetable	7.38	26.95	1.32	34.09	113.70

地点 Location	海拔 Altitude /m	经度 Longitude (E)	纬度 Latitude (N)	4-10 月日均降水量 Average diurnal rainfall from Apr. to Oct./mm	4-10 月日平均温度 Average diurnal temperature from Apr. to Oct./℃
三台Santai	460	103°35′	30°15′	25.59	22.81
崇州Chongzhou	560	103°28′	30°42′	44.13	21.75

地点 Location	海拔 Altitude /m	经度 Longitude (E)	纬度 Latitude (N)	4-10 月日均降水量 Average diurnal rainfall from Apr. to Oct./mm	4-10 月日平均温度 Average diurnal temperature from Apr. to Oct./℃
三台Santai	460	103°35′	30°15′	25.59	22.81
崇州Chongzhou	560	103°28′	30°42′	44.13	21.75

品种 Combination	三台 Santai/(kg·hm^-2)	崇州 Chongzhou/(kg·hm^-2)	两生态区稻谷平均产量 Average grain yield of two ecological zones/(kg·hm^-2)
F优498 F you 498	10523.3±142.4	10360.6±517.8	10442.0±224.4
C两优华占 C liangyouhuazhan	10567.9±68.3	9993.9±93.1	10280.9±76.5
晶两优534 Jingliangyou 534	10154.5±433.3	10366.4±120.3	10260.5±221.8
隆两优1206 Longliangyou 1206	10345.5±461.7	10174.1±376.5	10259.8±156.4
晶两优华占 Jingliangyouhuazhan	10139.3±328.2	9640.3±312.5	9889.8±145.4
旌优127 Jingyou 127	9897.1±230.7	9756.0±173.1	9826.6±196.0
隆两优1146 Longliangyou 1146	9962.4±242.7	9645.1±263.7	9803.7±223.3
绿优4923 Lüyou 4923	9695.8±317.4	9777.6±54.2	9736.7±185.8
天优华占 Tianyouhuazhan	9704.1±243.3	9693.1±399.5	9698.6±115.6
花香1618 Huaxiang 1618	9849.7±264.8	9451.1±163.2	9650.4±212.4
晶两优1377 Jingliangyou 1377	9812.3±136.8	9394.1±148.8	9603.2±46.3
宜香优1108 Yixiangyou 1108	9531.4±49.6	9527.9±8.4	9529.7±21.2
宜香优2168 Yixiangyou 2168	9814.3±249.0	9186.9±239.0	9500.6±82.2
川优8377 Chuanyou 8377	9908.5±93.9	8909.3±107.0	9408.9±68.3
宜香3728 Yixiang 3728	9234.2±105.0	9530.3±243.6	9382.3±112.5
德优4923 Deyou 4923	9544.1±73.6	9153.9±225.1	9349.0±176.3
吉优9号 Jiyou 9	9348.5±115.7	8908.2±132.9	9128.3±91.0
渝香7109 Yuxiang 7109	9108.7±187.5	9006.2±106.1	9057.4±128.4
宜香优2115 Yixiangyou 2115	9197.6±219.5	8901.7±118.3	9049.6±161.5
德优4727 Deyou 4727	9369.1±261.5	8612.8±413.9	8990.9±125.2
繁优609 Fanyou 609	9084.2±295.9	8847.2±210.2	8965.7±149.9
内5优39 Nei 5 you 39	9109.3±335.7	8567.5±172.0	8838.4±247.1
宜香4245 Yixiang 4245	8630.7±8.6	8855.6±123.6	8743.1±60.9
渝香203 Yuxiang 203	9072.7±281.8	8179.4±277.7	8626.1±117.3
宜香优7633 Yixiangyou 7633	8742.8±328.0	8420.2±429.8	8581.5±353.6
川优6203 Chuanyou 6203	8837.4±111.8	8216.8±352.9	8527.1±231.7
两优2161 Liangyou 2161	8972.9±57.4	7711.4±365.7	8342.2±198.1
蓉18优2348 Rong 18 you 2348	7765.5±349.4	7026.6±84.7	7396.1±136.8
Y两优1号 Y liangyou 1	7329.6±347.0	7285.4±192.8	7307.5±269.9